Harriet Tubmanrs Life - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 434 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Harriet Tubman Essay Did you like this example? Author Catherine Clinton has an astounding way of giving a brief history on Harriet Tubman, the woman we call Moses in the book called The Road To Freedom. In reviewing the two book reviews written by History Professors John W. Quist and Oscar Cole-Arnal, I will be discussing the similarities about their views regarding this particular book and how she made an impact during the Civil War, and the Underground Railroad. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Harriet Tubmanrs Life" essay for you Create order Better known as Araminta Ross, which is her slave name, was born into bondage in Maryland. (Clinton, p. 4) She eventually changes her name to Harriet Tubman when she marries John Tubman who was a free slave. She assumed the name Harriet from her mother. In 1849, Harriet decided that she would escape slavery by traveling north to accept a new life of freedom. For over a decade, it is estimated that Harriet Tubman has assisted over 300 slaves obtain their freedom, many of which included family members. She saved her money by doing seasonal jobs to help fund her trips. During the Civil War, Harriet also became a nurse to aid wounded soldiers and refugees from slavery. As I continued to read the book reviews by these two professors, they both agreed that even though Harriet Tubman was illiterate, she knew how to communicate well with the slaves by singing melodies and words which involved secret codes that only the slaves would understand, (Quist, 2005 and Cole-Arnal, 2004) for which I found to be astonishing. Even though she depicted herself as an old woman, Harriet was in her 20s when she first started her expedition to help freed slaves. The author sets the tone that gives us just enough historical information about Harriet Tubmanrs private life as a unique and inspirational figure who fought for the rights of free slavery through her trials and tribulations as she faced being once a slave herself. It is also well documented that she had never lost a slave during her travels through the Underground Railroad to freedom. Clintonrs interpretation on slavery in her book recognizes the rise of the civil rights movement for both African-American men and women. Harriet Tubman played a vital role for feminism, as well as racism. Both authors mainly emphasized on the positive and negatives of slavery of this courageous and mythological figure in history. We have come to know that Harriet Tubmanrs life was a struggle for cultural and political awareness of the mistreatment of slaves. Her book made it easy to read and understand how much she was a phenomenal woman with great bravery and power to overcome these obstacles both mentally and spiritually.

Middle-Aged Childhood - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2379 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Introduction I will be examining the relationship between an adopted child age 7 and the adoptive parents. These three people are in different crisis at different times in their lives. A topic we will discuss further in this paper. To do this I will explain this by using real life experience, and the thought process that goes through each of the people involved. Eriksons psychosocial stages will be research based of Knowles text Human Development and Human Possibility: Erikson in the Light of Heidegger (1986). Eriksons stages are all said through virtues. To help explain what each virtue is, Erikson talks about each stage of the crisis, relationships, and malignancies. In my case, we will talk about Initiative vs. Guilt. This would be known as the preschool stage, but in my situation I will be talking more about my interaction with other children and parents rather than the age portion. The relationship I will be discussing is between myself adopted child and my parents. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Middle-Aged Childhood" essay for you Create order In all honesty I would have to say trust vs mistrust should be thrown into the mix here, for myself personally. You may not know I was born in Vladivostok, Russia as Alexandra Mikhailovna Kolupaeva. I was born to Alexandra Ivanova Kolupaeva and was the youngest of 8 children all of whom were also put up for adoption, the area I was born in was very impoverished. Needless to say we did not eat well in the orphanage, nor did we receive any medical or dental care. For a Fact I had never seen a Dr., or a Dentist until I moved to Seattle. My sibling and I were all separated once we arrived at the orphanage. I was at the orphanage for 4 years from what I had read in my paperwork. From what I could remember, I was young when I was put in the orphanage that I was deprived of a loving/caring relationship with any adult. Being hugged as a child was something I would try to avoid at all costs. Unfortunately I was physically abused so every time an adult went to hug me, I was prepared to be hit. The deeper we get into this paper the further our relationship between the child and parents blossoms. Eriksons theory of Initiative vs. Guilt, he states that it is vital for children to interact with children their own age; so they can learn right from wrong. It can be detrimental to a child who has not interacted with children their own age. Inter-stage Scenario It is no small secret that the area of Russia I grew up in was poverty-stricken. I dont know if you can even call it growing up. I was told that I was with my mom for 18 months until the day she couldnt take care of me. My earliest childhood memories are of the orphanage. I had one older sister that I knew of but since we were different ages we were not in the same orphanage. Not only did I have lots of anger but I was filled with pain, abandonment and betrayal. Not being around any of my family members, probably caused me not to understand the family dynamic when I was adopted. My parents knew what they were getting into when they adopted me. They had adopted a child (my brother) a few years before from Romania, so they knew that it would be hard for me to adjust. They didnt know that because I was older that I would be emotionally closed off from any contact. I had completely shut myself off from any affection or anything that involved family. It made it hard for my parents to help me understand that they were here to love me and give me a better life. They came to terms that I would never fully grasp the understanding of family nor want to make that bond which made them sad/worried about me down the road. My parents knew that they couldnt give up on me, they were determined to open my eyes to show me the value that I had in myself but never knew. My relationship with my father was better than with my mom. From what he had told me, before I even spoke English he took me skiing and loved it which made my bond that much stronger with him. My mom had feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, dependency, an absence of acceptance and the ability to deal with me (Tibbits-Kleber and Howell). Despite my brother came at 4 years old from Romania the bonding however were not as hard to overcome. I believe that due the age difference at arrival I was more prone to distrust. I didnt want another mother to fail me. Me: Psychosocial Crisis Ever since I could remember I was taken from my moms hands at 18 months old. I do not remember anything about my mother. I didnt have a connection with her for all I knew, she was dead to me, she had done the one thing that made any child feel alone in the world. I didnt fully realize what she had done to me until I was adopted and my adoptive parents told me that I was taken away. My mother believed that what she was doing, was the best thing for me. She wanted me to have the chance at a better life than what she had. My parents had told me that because my mom was sick and very poor, that she couldnt provide a stable home for any of her kids. At that moment in my life I was filled with so much anger, hatred towards her that till this day I cant forgive her. I had lost all trust in any adults that tried to care for me. When I came to Seattle in 2003 I didnt trust my new mom, I had the idea that she would abandon me as well. I always thought that the reason my mother had surrendered me was because I was the problem. Little did I know it was because she simply just didnt have the funding to look after me and that she was sick. I didnt understand why someone would give up their child for alcohol and yes I knew she was sick, but still. Why put a kid who didnt do anything wrong through all that pain that will endure further down their life. Looking back there was no way that I could come to the United States and automatically fit into an American family and culture. Coming to America was a whole new experience for me. From living in an orphanage in a small village, I took my very first plane ride to the capital city, Moscow. My new dad gave me a set of headphones and let me listen to music on the plane. I got to stay in a hotel, wear American clothes and see a big city. It was a whole new world, it was a culture shock to the nth degree. Being part of a family, adjusting culturally, learning a new language, integrating into a new school, learning academics was new for me. Since I was seven years old I would be experiencing the virtues of Hope and Purpose, for the sake of being adopted I had to relearn everything that a baby would learn as they were growing up. My mother always had hope that one day she and I would have the bond that my father and I had and still have till this day. As Knowles puts it, hope is the perception of the world as an invitation to live (Knowles,1986). The means to open up, whether that is by being vulnerable, fearful etc. I would do everything in my power to stay away from this virtue of hope. I didnt want to let this person that I barely know have a relationship with me. The desire to understand and make sense of a damaged child and provide care was intense for my parents (Hull). I had the commitment and resilience on not having to make the effort to know who my parents where or what the world had to offer. Resilience is the understanding of two things; elasticity and recovery (Whilst). As I have been growing over the years not just as a person, but also my beliefs in faith and relationships. My relationship over the past has dramatically taken a turn with my mother as with my father. I have become closer to my mom and fully understand and take into heart everything that she has done for me. I now realize that all she wanted was the best for me and to show me that I was worth saving. For that reason, it is because of her that I have come to fully forgive my biological mother. It is not easy to be a m om and especially to someone who was adopted. Parents: Psychosocial Crisis Before my brother and I came into my parents life, they had tried to have kids of their own. Being unable to have their own, they decided to go through the process of adoption. Frankie had been with my parents for approximately 2 years when my parents felt that Frankie had bonded with them and vise versa, and it was time to expand the family. My mother has always told me that she didnt want to raise an only child because she married one. My mom felt that it was important for a child to learn how to share and play with others. This began the adoption process of me. They decided to contact the same agency and look for either a brother or a sister for Frankie. Knowles (1986) virtue of commitment is exemplified in my parents adoption of Frankie and their second adoption, which was me. Frankie was a waiting child in Romania, abandoned at birth and living in a orphanage. He desperately needed a family who would love and nurture him and my parents answered that call. Once again my parents demonstrated the virtue of commitment when they answered the call to adopt me. Like Frankie, I was living in an orphanage (this time Russia not Romania). I too was waiting for a family that would love and nurture me. When my parents made the commitment to adopt Frankie, they told only family and close friends. While this was an exciting change to their lives, they were extremely apprehensive about the change this would bring to their lives. Therefore they decided to answer the call but keep the news fairly private. When my parents answered the call to my adoption, Frankie was already in first grade and my parents let the school and the school families know of their plan. As the time got closer for me to come to America the school families threw my parents a large baby shower where all of the first grade parents were in attendance. The point being is that my parents with Frankies adoption were much more selective and restrictive with sharing the news, but with me, they were more comfortable having gone through the process already that they shared the news more openly. My parents would be experiencing the virtue of purpose when they adopted me. Knowles (1986) describes this as the task for the sake of being active and on the move. Mom and Dad had felt that they had to constantly be on the go and take every action they needed to help me develop as a young lady. I could also put the virtue of commitment in this situation, because my parents were committed to teaching me the value of being part of the family. My parents had made sure that they knew that my brother and I were adopted and that we knew what adoption meant (Reinoso, 2012). Any time my brother or I had any questions, my parents answered as honestly and as openly as they could. They shared all information that they had access to and never shied away from the issue of adoption and what it meant to our family. My parents became fulfilled as individuals through adoption. Adoption was how they formed their family while we may not be blood related we have formed a bond that makes us a family. My brother and I grew up as siblings; typically, we loved and hated each other at the same time. We watched our for each other were outsiders were concerned, but suffered through the sibling rivalry of any other family. Adoption creates good parenting, because you say okay, I dont know who you are, so I will let you be whoever you are and I will just sit back and wait and discover what that is and celebrate it with you (Daniluk Hurtig-Mitchell, 2003, p 396). It helped the parents find their identity within the kid. Their purpose in life as a care take or in some cases as rescuers for adopted children. Conclusion Being adopted has benefited both me and my parents. I have gained loving parents and a brother, they love me and look out for me, worship me, adore me. They have created a family unit that was otherwise was not possibly other than through adoption. It hasnt always been easy, I know that at times I have tested their patience and vise versa. There were days I thought I would never fit in and im sure they thought the same way. I have learned that the mistakes i have made along the way, have a profound effect on who I am today. My parents love and guidance helped acclimate me to life in America. It hasnt always been easy being a part of a family unit, and there have been times when I rebelled but at the end of the day I respect that my parents are my parents and anything they did or said was only for my best interest. There were many stories were international adoption has gone horribly wrong for various reasons but I know that in mine and my brothers cases my parents love us and have nurtured us and want us to be the best that we can be. We have been integrated into the American culture to take advantages of the opportunities that come our way.

Health tourism and its impacts on host nation and hospitality industry Free Essays

string(138) " lends itself to infrastructural betterments, more employment opportunities with an increased propensity towards overall wealth creation\." Introduction Growing demand for health services is a global phenomenon, linked to economic development that generates rising incomes and education. Demographic change, especially the ageing population and older people’s requirements for more medical services, coupled with rising incidence of chronic conditions, also fuel demand for more and better health services. Waiting times and/or the increasing cost of health services at home, combined with the availability of cheaper alternatives in developing countries, has lead new healthcare consumers, or medical tourists, to seek treatment overseas. We will write a custom essay sample on Health tourism and its impacts on host nation and hospitality industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now This booming growth for medical/health tourism in recent times has had both positive and negative impacts on the global healthcare and on the host nation. Whether health is a motivator to travel or as a contributor to disease transference it can have a great impact on the hospitality and tourism industry. It can influence social, financial, industrial, environmental, business and hospitality sectors in an economy. It’s impact on global healthcare can lead to innovation in healthcare solution, enhancements in healthcare solutions, enhancements in the number of healthcare professional, increased international standards in healthcare solutions and emergence of supporting healthcare infrastructure for example a medical hotel. A number of tourists are now combining vacation and health care. According to Travel Health Watch (Oct 18, 2010) medical tourism market shows rapid growth. The 2010 Portrait of American Travellers, a study compiled by Harrison Group and Y partnership, found that half of leisure travellers from theU.S.are familiar with the idea of medical tourism. The study also found that the medical tourism market is growing 20 percent each year and leisure travellers will consider having a medical procedure done in a foreign country if they could save some money, the quality is comparable to services provided in the U.S, and/or if their insurance would not cover a particular procedure in the U.S. In India, health care is one of the largest sectors, in terms of revenue and employment, and this sector is expanding rapidly largely due to health and medical tourists. During the 1990s, the Indian health care sector grew at a compound annual rate of 16%. Today the total value of the sector is more than US$34 billion. By 2012, India’s health care sector is projected to grow to near US$40 billion (PricewaterhouseCoopers 2007). Medical hotels are also in the rise due to the demand and rapid increase in health care from tourists. Consortiums inSingaporeare investing in medical hotels which will boast a 260-room luxury high-rise connected to the east wing of a new hospital inFarrerPark. The hotel will feature a 500-seat conference hall, indoor and outdoor gardens and a spa, as well as a dialysis machine and other medical equipment for patients who don’t want to stay in the hospital. It will add new meaning to the concept of a healing holiday. Jetting off to a foreign country for affordable cosmetic surgery has been a popular option for years. But now, pinched by rising health-care costs in developed countries, travellers are going abroad for routine required surgeries and procedures, including colonoscopies and ob-gyn exams. According toButler,Sana, by 2012, experts predict, medical tourism will turn into a $100 billion international industry with more than 780 million patients seeking health care abroad. Travelling overseas for medical care has historical roots; previously limited to elites from developing countries to developed ones, when health care was inadequate or unavailable at home. Now however, the direction of medical travel is changing towards developing countries, and globalization and increasing acceptance of health services as a market commodity have lead to a new trend; organized medical tourism for fee paying patients, regardless of citizenship, who shop for health services overseas using new information sources, new agents to connect them to providers, and inexpensive air travel to reach their destination. Health tourists constantly prefer to consult doctors of high repute, whose skills have already benefited patients with similar medical conditions. The enormous need for proficient personnel breeds more specialists who cater to this escalating requirement thus contributing to the economy’s employment. Apart from the physician’s status, a potential foreign medical tourist looks at numerous other aspects of the medical establishment, to which he/she entrusts their wellbeing. As per industry standards, accreditations from authorized bodies are recognized and accepted. Other variations which monitor quality and accountability standards are also improved upon and utilized. National accreditations, which have their own stringent parameters, are also improving upon international standards to meet international patient requirements and expectations. Dispensation, storage interpretation of available medical records and data files; a process termed ‘Knowledge Processing’ has made the medical system transparent beyond medical authorities worldwide, to respective patients as well. Prior to the global focus on health tourism, the importance of this process was not felt as keenly as it is today. With the advent of the internet and web conferencing, medical proceedings, subject data and case histories of patients around the world is now available and shared online with doctors operating in any country. It provides them with excellent opportunities to interpret, assimilate, improve, collaborate and enhance the overall health services afforded. Globalization of medicine has brought the emanation of several other allied international sectors like healthcare insurance, vast selection of tourism getaways, varied choices of travelling and unlimited options for hospitable lodging in the country that one chooses to get treated in. Besides, the banking sector has facilitated advancing of loans, comfortable payback schemes, credit card facilities; easy access to internet payment gateways, abundant foreign currency exchange centres and other painless international banking procedure to help foreign tourists. Such programs have completely ruled out affordability or inaccessibility to capital, as a hindrance to disease alleviation. For many nations obtaining medical visas is now an effortless procedure. When established as an industry, medical tourism is significantly instrumental in moulding the society of a nation. It contributes not just in terms of enhanced, speedier or affordable healthcare, but also lends itself to infrastructural betterments, more employment opportunities with an increased propensity towards overall wealth creation. You read "Health tourism and its impacts on host nation and hospitality industry" in category "Essay examples" In nations that are still in the developing stages, such improvisations pave the way towards industrial growth to cater to the burgeoning demands of the foreign health seekers. A developed nation, on the other hand gains prominence as a popular healthcare destination and people start travelling there for medical attention. According to Weaver and Lawton (2010) manufacturing industries, foreign investments, business exports, agricultural, mineral products or information technology services, are currently among the most prominent and largest contributors to any nation’s Gross Domestic Products (GDP). Therefore, medical tourism will soon top the charts as a key money grosser, contributing significantly in the GDP for a nation which affords such facilities. As more tourists arrive into the country for cheaper, better and faster remedy for their illnesses, the chances of financial gain is guaranteed. All medical tourists do not visit a country with the express purpose of a treatment or surgery. They also intend to tour the country’s other historical or natural attractions. This trend is growing as tourists tend to invest the amount they save in healthcare, during sight-seeing. This serves as significant revenue for the tourism industry and forms a portion of total profits of the industry. Another industry very closely associated with the field of medical science is the pharmaceutical industry. When one undergoes treatment or surgery in one country, they are bound to take over-the-counter drugs sold in the same area. This increases the sale of medicines in a directly proportional manner such that, the number of surgeries or treatment conducted directly adds to the profits of the pharmaceutical company of the country that is a prominent medical tourism destination. The medical tourism industry is served both by private as well as public sector industries. While the public sector contributes to the overall infrastructure and associated processes like permitting medical visa, clearing foreign passports, facilitating foreign exchange etc; the private sector totally takes over the comfort hospitality department as well as the healthcare facilities. The kind of medical care and amenities provided by private sector industries is generally far more superior to that offered by government establishments. Under such situations, a public-private partnership tends to equalize profits, adds to overall infrastructural benefits and caters to the needs of the foreign medical tourist, in a balanced manner making the overall procedure smooth, rapid and economical. For example The Indian Ministry of Tourism has started a new category of visas for the medical tourists. These visas called the â€Å"M† or medical-visas are valid for one year but can be exten ded up to three years and are issued for a patient along with a companion. A country that prospers in the healthcare tourism industry will also experience fewer exits of trained professionals from their home country to a foreign nation availing better employment and financial opportunities which is prevalent in developing countries in Asia,South Americaand South Pacific. Medical professionals are content as they get the required job satisfaction and financial fulfilment even when stationed in their native country. There are also political advantages as well when one country serves as a major tourism destination for another and there is constant exchange of treatment and revenue between them, the political links between those nations are affected in a positive manner. Stronger bonds between those nations are forged when the host nation and provide the foreign tourists with several amenities besides conducive medical treatment. Along with the positives there can also be some negatives impacts associated with health tourism. With patient travels; there is significant risk of corresponding bacterial travel. All industry professionals must understand the negative impact of communicable diseases. Hence, good strategies should be developed by global organizations to protect spread of such diseases. Understanding and control is vital for all the countries involved. .For infrastructural growth, the natural greenery or forest cover of a region is compromised in order to accommodate more buildings, hospital facilities, roads, treatment or diagnostic centres etc. To supplement the above, there is a continuous discharge of polluted air, solid -toxic medical waste, litters of sewage consisting of oil and chemicals. Architectural, noise and visual pollution also has a direct negative impact on the atmosphere. Health tourism also creates a dearth of local resources like power, food stock, fuel and other unredeemable natural resources, which could already be in short supply within the host country. Water, another non-replenishable natural resource, is commonly misused in hotels, spas and swimming pools through careless personal use by tourists. This not only generates large volumes of waste water but also leads to water shortages and depletion of natural water sources. With an increased number of health tourists, the hospital/hotel adopts the policy of being paid in accordance to an overseas system. Such a structure, even though economical to a foreigner, tends to be expensive for the native. As a result, all sections of people within a particular nation are not able to take advantage of the advanced treatment options available within the country. This creates a negative impact on the health infrastructure of a country. Healthcare tourism in most countries runs through private institutions. Currently the private sector in most developed countries accounts for a larger number of surgical procedures, treatment operations, and ultimately in the overall number of patients from all over the globe. Thus the revenue generated by this sector is much greater compared to that generated by the government or the public sector. The uncontrolled growth of the private sector can lead to inequalities and profit imbalance across both sectors. There are significant chances that many medical tourism hospitals would tap into unethical practices to grab international patients, such as organ transplants, restricted regional treatments or several other medical services which are restricted, regulated or controlled in one region. Legal issues are also likely to rise as the health industry presents unique problems and challenges for both consumers as well as providers. Both positive and negative impacts of medical tourism on healthcare, economic, social and environmental sectors creates opportunities and challenges for this growing industry which require cohesive collaborative work between various stakeholders. Medical tourism doesn’t only provide benefits to international patients or health/medical tourists but it extends to a wide spectrum of benefits to many industries such as the healthcare industry, travel and tourism, commercial sector, government relationships, and international accreditation sector. There are also negative impacts medical or health tourism can have by attributing to shortages of scare local resources in energy usage including electrical power, food stock, fuel and other unredeemable natural resources such as water and the resultant environmental issues which needs to be considered and controlled by governments of countries in midst of this global phenomenon. Reference List Butler, S, 2009, ‘Holidays for health’, Newsweek International viewed 26 May 2011, pp.36. Available from: . Carrera, P, Bridges M, John F, 2006, ‘Globalization and healthcare: understanding health and medical tourism. Expert Reviews. Vol. 6, Issue 4, pp.447 – 454. Dr. Prem, J, 2010, ‘Medical tourism impact its more than obvious . Medical Tourism Magazine vol 17, viewed 26 May 2011, Available from: . Hazarika, I,2009, Medical tourism: its potential impact on the health workforce, Oxford Journals, vol 25, no 3, pp.248 – 251, viewed 26 May 2011. Mathieson, A and Wall, G, 1982’ ‘Social Impacts’, in Tourism: economic, physical, and social impacts, U.S ed, Longman,London. McKerchera, B, 1993, ‘Some fundamental truths about tourism: understanding tourism’s social and environmental impacts’ Journal of Sustainable Tourism [online]. viewed 26 May 2011, pp.6 – 16. Available from: . Otley, T, 2007, ‘Patients without borders: it is now cheaper and easier than ever before for patients to receive good-quality healthcare abroad, but how is this medical tourism affecting the host nations’?(Fit to Fly: Medical travel)’ Business Traveller vol 2 viewed 26 May 2011, pp.36. Available from . U.S. House, 2007, Market report for Healthcare in India, Government Printing Office,Washington. Weaver, DB and Lawton, L 2010, ‘Economic impacts of tourism’, in Tourism management, 4th ed, John Wiley,Qld,Australia. How to cite Health tourism and its impacts on host nation and hospitality industry, Essay examples

Communication and Dialogue free essay sample

In this new era of globalisation wherein people from diverse culture and ethnicity have come together to work in an organisation, dialogue is indeed an important way of communication. Many researches have proved the fact that differences in culture may inculcate a difference in the thinking pattern or stem into differential analysis of a situation. In an organisation where values and growth are related  to each other, differences in opinion may lead to altercation and conflicts if not addressed well. Dialogue, a bidirectional flow of communication where emphasis is laid not only on saying but also on listening and understanding at the same time can be an useful tool in an organisation to resolve inter personal conflicts, conflicts within the department or conflicts between two different departments of the same organisation. The essay will highlight the importance of introduction of dialogue in a multicultural organisation and its use as a problem solving tool in multicultural organisation where cultural thinking act as an impediment among them. Also, it will review the role of dialogue in promoting organisational learning. Next it will explore some of the barriers in communication such as â€Å"Silo virus† and need for eliminations of those barriers, ending into a conclusion for the implication of dialogue in a multicultural organisation. Sequential Conversation or Unidirectional Flow of Communication versus Dialogic conversation A conversation is said to be sequential or unidirectional when there is a flow of information from the speaker to the listener (Eisenberg amp; Goodall, p. 27). This one way communication can be practically seen in classes where student completely rely on teachers lectures, also when managers or the instructor define the protocol of the work to the subordinates or receivers. In other words in a unidirectional or sequential communication listeners are passive and are uninvolved in constructing the ideas of the communication (Eisenberg amp; Goodall, p. 28)  . Traditionally communication between managers and employee were articulated as straightforward unidirectional flow of delivering management messages to employees and other constituencies (Tourish and Hargie 2009, p. ). However, dialogue provides equal opportunities to all who are involved in the communication. Everyone has the say to voice their opinion and give their feedback either in agreement or in opposition of the core matter. Dialogue in a working definition can be defined as a mindful conversation emphasising on equitable and empathetic transaction of opinions of the participants to create new opportunities for working together to produce new and innovative ideas (Eisenberg amp; Goodall, p. 40-45) Hence dialogue is a balance between creativity and constraints (Eisenberg amp; Goodall ,p. 0). Dialogue demands its participants should be able to critically reflect themselves i. e, they should be open to the fact that the perceptions made by them may not always be accurate. â€Å"What we perceive is often based on our needs, our expectations, our projections, and, most of all, our culturally learned assumptions and categories of thought (Schein 1993,p. 33)†. Participants should be able to suspend the perceptions and feelings for some time to see the outcome of the dialogue (Schein 1993). By suspending the feelings the participants will allow the disagreements to fly off, hence will build mutual understanding and trust on each other. Higher the trust higher will be the effectiveness of the group. Participants will be open to voice their unfearful opinions, and will come up with more innovative and successful solutions. Dialogue as a problem solving tool in a multicultural organisation The definition of dialogue says that there should be equal sharing of perceptions, assumptions, thoughts and experiences to come to an radical conclusion (Schein 1993). Healthy communication connects the employee more strongly with the organisation by eliminating the sense of isolation and dissatisfaction. Employee who communicate regularly with their managers and co-employees have a higher sense of job engagement than those who are reluctant to voice their opinion. There is a direct relation between the healthy communication, participation of the employees in decision making and growth of the organisation. Dialogue does not only mean that you are heard, but it also signifies that your voice matters in the decisions of the company. It gives a sense of belonging to the employee and burns out stress and discomfort. The organisation with the higher number of contented employee will have higher productivity both in number and innovations. â€Å"The quality of relationships with co-workers is a crucial factor in determining levels of job satisfaction† (Tourish amp; Hargie 2009, p. 16). Job satisfaction cannot only be guaranteed by successful completion of a task, but it involves many other vital factors too. Today when it is impossible to find an uncultured organisation, learning about the intercultural ommunication is an indispensable necessity (Crossman et al 2011, p. 57). Culture plays an prominent role in structuring human behaviour, ideas and thought process (Wood2011). Differences of thinking may lead to ambiguity at the work place which may end into conflicts. According to Ting-Toomey, the greater the difference between two cultures, the more that conflicts will arise in areas such as historical grieva nces, cultural world views and beliefs (Crossman et al 2011). Creating Coherence in Multicultural Organisation with dialogue Employees have different personal needs and hence different dimensions for the satisfaction. The organisation should know about the personnel needs of the employee and should work in a way to nurture good relationships among the employees (Tourish amp; Hargie 2009). Incorporating good communication practices such as regular group meetings, open house discussions or building new channels for communication sustains job engagement of the employee. Mangers should have expertise in intercultural communication skills to nurture an environment of tolerance to the ambiguity caused by incompatibility of cultural values and norms. As Brannen amp; Salk 1999, said working together to give fruitful result can only be achieved by compromising the ambiguity and confusion for quality issues. The practices like   an  open house group discussions  ,thought sharing and dialogues exchange with seniors and colleagues will help in bridging the gap of miscommunication and misunderstanding. Employees who have an access to information, organisation policies, new ventures and developments feel more secure and safe at work. Intercultural communications along with dialogue help in enhancing the process of organisational learning through group interaction. It helps in sharing of cultural ideas, values and beliefs. Cordial and happy relations at work place eliminate stress and burnout caused by work pressure and thus benefits the employee with good concentration and higher thinking. Socially balanced work culture  breed  employee with better insights and hence result in collaborative thinking and exemplary innovations. However in a real business world where emphasis is laid more towards the successful completion of the task, is it realistic to preach dialogue at every stage of decision making? Is it possible for an organisation to understand the needs of every employee? Will it be correct to say that it  is the responsibility of a manager to inoculate good intercultural communication where the employees are reluctant to shift their values and paradigm? Implementing dialogue can be a laborious process for a manager. It is the Manager who bears the responsibility of accomplishing the targets with in the given time frame. Dialogue can only be successful when employees are ready to take the responsibility to change themselves, else it will only result in wastage of time. Dialogue is easy to preach in a likeminded group sharing similar values but difficult to express with those who are reluctant to change. Say for instance it is easy to teach a budding employee about the virtues of good communication. However,  the same could not be expressed to those highly experienced or talented employees who are reluctant to adapt to new changes. Also, it is difficult to bring employees out of their comfort zone and to speak up expressing their true feelings. Dialogue- the core of organisational learning Dialogue lies at the core of organizational learning, for without dialogue, individuals and groups cannot effectively exchange ideas, nor can they develop shared understanding† (Mazustis amp; Slawinski 2008, pg 438). Argyris said that there are two different modes of learning, Model 1 and Model II, best be summarized as single or double loop learning. He mentioned in his writing â€Å"Teaching Smart people how to learn†, highly skilled professional are good at single loop learning because of their vast experiences and success gained in those experiences. However, Argyris argue that it is difficult for them to admit their mistake,  and hence they adopt a defensive attitude wherein they start blaming others for the failure. Defensive reasoning can block learning. Model I learning behavior persists throughout the organization resulting in to win/lose dynamics in which individual avoid confrontation (Mazustis amp; Slawinski 2008). On contrast Model II which is based on open dialogue, self-reflection and double loop learning will help in bringing fundamental changes in organizational norms, priorities and behavior (Argyris and Schon1978). It is through dialogue that people share ideas with others. Integration of these ideas with others is only possible when a group has   a  common language and common thought process, which can only be built by dialogue(Mazustis amp; Slawinski 2008). Shared meaning can lead not only to the transference of knowledge, but also to the creation of new knowledge and understanding among participants (Mazustis amp; Slawinski 2008). Finally, the process get embedded into the organization. This process is what Crossan et al. (1999) refer to as institutionalizing. Dialogue is therefore at the core of the socio-psychological processes of the model of organizational learning (Crossan et al. , 1999)† (Mazustis amp; Slawinski 2008). Barriers to communication- Silos formation Advancement in technology and increase in complexity of organisation resulted in division of the organisation into different specialised departments or subunits. Employee in one department share same work language, tec hnology and work terminology developing a subculture of its own. Different departments in an organisation work together to complete the task, failure of one may result in failure of others. Organisational effectiveness is therefore dependent on the valid communication across subculture boundaries† (Schein 1993,p. 41). Silo formation and Need to eliminate Silos Fragmentation of organisation into small departments may result in the formation of â€Å"silos† throughout the organisation. Individuals in silos share strong personnel bonds, common interests, abilities, work structure and relational bonds that differentiate them from others. Individuals in a silo interact more to each other than with the outside employees creating an atmosphere of alienation for those who are not part of the silo group. Silos act as a barrier to inter departmental flow of communication resulting in the  creation of isolation and hostility for others who are not  part of the group. Employees hesitate to co-operate with other departments thinking that the objective of their silo is different from that of other department. Interdepartmental competition may prevent the desire to transfer valuable information from one to other department. Communication breakdown can lead to errors and finger pointing, lack of responsibilities and hence failure of the task or the department itself What is the role of a good manager in an organisation full of silos? Managers should learn to trust his team members and also should show respect their peers. Mutual trust, respect for each other structure and values will help in dissolving silos. Senior should preach the essential values of their organisation and not that of a single department. Organisation based on Hierarchical pyramid structure An organisation based on principals to maintain and respect hierarchical structure, could not support dialogue. Hierarchy do not support the idea of cross questioning your boss or voicing against the idea of your manager, it may lead to serious repercussions for the employee. Time constrain Time is again a vital factor to be considered while promoting dialogue. Every project is designed to be accomplished with in a limited time frame. Listening to every voice of the department may lead to wastage of time. Managers should be able to recognise the right time to implement debate and discussion instead of dialogue. Breaching the comfort zone of employee Dialogue demands empathy and tolerance to other and is a time consuming process. In this fast pace society where human beings are already over engaged with priorities it is difficult to maintain patience to listen to others. Highly experienced employee find it difficult to listen to a new employee, they do not want to change their work protocol and hesitate to adapt to new changes. It is difficult to breach the comfort zone of over experienced employees and sometimes they find it insulting too. Defensive Behaviour and lack of trust Individuals may engage into defensive routines where they hesitate to open a dialogue with the seniors fearing that may lead to some serious problems with the co-employees or the manager himself. Also, colleagues working in an organisation may feel competition with their  colleague, and thus, employee consciously prevent flow of information to others creating a hostile environment for others. Lack of true Feedback Dialogue may be impeded by organisation norms such as the practice of only delivering good news to senior managers, and hiding distressing news. Individuals need  the  information to be able to detect and correct errors, but some organizational norms prevent such information from being discussed (Argyris and Schon, 1978). Baker et al. 2005: 425), for example, conclude that some ‘norms determine what can be said and not said, what and who is heard and not heard, who has  a  voice and who does not have  Ã‚  a  voice   who is in and who is out of the conversation’ (Mazustis amp; Slawinski 2008). These norms inhibit prevent knowledge from being shared openly across functional silos, divisions and levels. Conclusion Dialogue is no doubt an im portant tool of communication to bring changes in an organisation and to promote  a  higher degree of organisational learning. Proper implementation of dialogue in an organisation will make employees more responsible to each other. It will also ensure trust, empathy, tolerance and engagement among the employees by creating a safe and secure work environment. Sharing of ideas, discussion about work and group thinking will inculcate high sense creativity and innovations. However, it is difficult to have an idealistic organisation working on the principals of dialogue. It  is a group endeavour and demands time and patience which are difficult to attain in this fast pace society. Human beings are primarily driven by their emotions and it is difficult to suspend feelings and emotions which is the demand to sustain a dialogue. Implications of dialogue are great but is difficult to practice. Books Crossman, J. , Bordia, S. amp; Mills, C. 2011 Business Communication : for the Global Age, McGraw-Hill, North Ryde, N. S. W. Eisenberg,M. , Goodall,H. L. amp; Trethewey,A. 2010, Organizational communication : balancing creativity and constraint, Boston : Bedford/St. Martins Cheney,G. (ed. ) 2011, Organizational Communication in an Age of Globalization : Issues, Reflection amp; Practices, 2nd edition, Long Grove, Ill. : Waveland Press Cottrell, S. 011, Critical thinking skills : developing effective analysis and argument, Houndmills, Hampshire, UK : Palgrave Macmillan Ferraro, G. P. amp; Briody, E. 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