A History of the 714th Tank Battalion Essay -- United States History H

A History of the 714th Tank Battalion, 1942-45 The men of the 714th Tank Battalion served their country in its greatest beat of need. A key element of the 12th Armored partitioning, the 714th fought in harsh conditions against a desperate German enemy for five consecutive months, driving the national socialist Armies from France and back into the German heartland. The 12th Armored member was activated on 15 September 1942 at a freshly built Camp Campbell, Kentucky, and soldiers from across the nation began arriving to fill the divisions ranks on 24 October 1942. The governors of both Kentucky and Tennessee participated in the activation ceremonies, in which Major General Carlos Brewer was named commander of the forming division. Young Roy Zerby was drafted away from his commerce of washing cars in Bellafonte, Pennsylvania, to eventually become Sergeant Zerby, Communications Chief for Company D, 714th Tank Battalion. Sergeant Zerby postponed his dream of a better job and fun ding to serve his country. Others like Alvin L. Cooper of Northampton, Massachusetts, volunteered two steps ahead of the draft board in order to avoid the National Conscription Act. Cooper desert his position as a Glazing Machine Operator at the International Silver Company and left his Public Accounting classes to become a functional Technician in the 714th Battalions Medical Detachment. A month after graduating from high school in June of 1940, young Othal T. Parsons joined the army to serve my country, beat the draft, and become a bigshot. He was lured by the Army recruiting posters clarioning I WANT YOU. Parsons worked his way up through four different armored divisions as an enlisted man until he became flake Lieutenant Othal T. Parsons, Mortar Pla... ...r Brownwood. Hellcat News, 20 July 1944. Hellcat Nickname Now Deserved, Division Thanks. The Stars and Stripes, 10 March 1945. Hellcats Take Field for Intensive Training. Hellcat News, 30 March 1944. Malis, Steve. Armor of the 12th Played Role in Hastening V-E. Beachhead News, 14 July 1945. Parsons, Othal T. Interview by author, 17 April 1995. Mail questionnaire. 12th Armored Division Historical Project, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas. Tank Gunnery Program Gets Official Praise. Hellcat News, 9 March 1944. Zerby, Roy M. Interview by author, 10 April 1995. Mail questionnaire. 12th Armored Division Historical Project, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas. Zerby, Roy M. Interview by author, 28 March 1996. Mail questionnaire. 12th Armored Division Historical Project, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas.

Mind, Matter and Descartes :: Philosophy essays

Mind, Matter and Descartes   Cogito Ergo Sum, I think, therefore I am, the epitome of Rene Descartes system of logic. Born in 1596 in La Haye, France, Descartes studied at a Jesuitical College, where his acquaintance with the rector and childhood frailty eachowed him to lead a leisurely lifestyle. This opulence and lack of daily responsibility gave him the liberty to offer his discontentment with two contrived scholasticism, philosophy of the church during the Middle Ages, as well as extreme skepticism, the doctrine that absolute knowledge is impossible. Through the most innovative logic since Aristotles death, as well as application of the sciences, he pursued a lifelong quest for scientific truth.   Philosophy is believed to have begun in the sixth one C in ancient Greece. In fact, the word philosophy is the Greek term for love of wisdom (Pojman). After notable minds of the Ancient World such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, by modernist standards, original thinking ceased for many centuries. Throughout the following period, later known as the Middle Ages, the world was dominated by dogma of the Catholic Church. Scholasticism allied with severe punishment for heresy prevented rationalization outside of religion. Descartes was the first to bring philosophy to its Renaissance (Strathern 7-9). He questioned the reality of everything, including God. Though he was a devout Catholic, and later proved the existence of God mathematically, he founded and popularized the concept of questioning that which is taught.   Descartes philosophy was an attempt to create a genuine nates upon which further scientific developments would be established. His devotion to maths methodic nature and invariability lead him to apply these concepts to all other ideas. He hypothesized that those propositions which one could come to understand in all would be self evident, since ones knowledge about them would not depend upon knowledge of any other propositions theref ore they were suitable to stand as fundamental assumptions, to be the starting points from which other propositions could be deduced (Walting).   He realized that he knew nothing for certain except for the fact that he was thinking, which proved that he existed Cogito Ergo Sum. Descartes argues that all ideas that are as clear and distinct as the Cogito must be true, for, if they were not, then Cogito also, as a member of the class of clear and distinct ideas, could be doubted (Walting). Descartes theorized that each person has an innate idea of a perfect being.

Contrasting Yeats’ Second Coming and Shelleys Ozymandias Essay

Contrasting Yeats Second Coming and Shelleys Ozymandias William Butler Yeats specialized in the early Modernists style of literature. Coming just out of the Late Victorian age, Yeats used strong literary and historic elements in literary form to kick up his symbolic message in The Second Coming. Through the use of his theme of the new Apocalypse, (lecture notes on Early 20th Century Modernism) he imagined the universe of discourse was culmination into a state of unsurity from the post-WWI Modernist experience. The war left people in a state of chaos, and although the war was meant to bring people a sense of hope for no more wars in the future, it did far more damage then good, especially in peoples minds. The time in the Modernist era was reflected in the equally chaotic, and choppy record book structure in Yeats poem. In The Second Coming conditions are illustrated as being chaotic, Things fall apart the centre cannot hold/ Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world (Yeats, Longman p. 2329 ll. 3-4), confused in a way. Those words he uses, fall apart, cannot hold, and anarchy are ...

Evaluation of Sources Addressing Sleep and Performance Essay -- Resear

Evaluation of Sources Addressing Sleep and PerformanceSleep loss and shifting sleep patterns ar known to be widespread across college campuses throughout the United States and the world at large. Yet, while many studies exist relating sleep to performance, a much little amount of studies focus on the Through analysis of these sources as they would prove useful when researching and writing upon the idea of sleep and its correlation to academic performance it was lay out that a paper titled Sleep-Wake Patterns and Academic Performance in University Students, which was presented to the European Conference on Educational Research, is overall the most useful source represented to research the topic.While points, claims, and statistics may be found within all of the sources used for the research, the sheer amount of referenced studies and works within the Sleep-Wake paper lends load to its usefulness as a reliable source. One of the otherfactor of sleep and its affect within the colle ge community. Three sources varying in criteria and usefulness were found that cogitate to this subject and were studied. sources, College Students try to prankster Sleep Needs, a college newspaper, offers basic facts and elementary assumptions such that could be found within any biology casebook or encyclopedia. These references are to such things as sleep cycles and sub stages and the general consequences of an out of balance sleep cycle. The study from the Biological Rhythm Research writers, however, hints at previous studies and findings that several factors, such as social and academic demands, part-time jobs, ... affect the sleep-wake cycle of college students. but then only states the findings of a particular study, and does so in... ...tive sources. As seen by its thoroughness, and attention to detail and reliability by its specialized writers, this paper is the most useful location for information regarding the topic. Works CitedAnderson, Ph.D., Keith J. College Studen ts try to Cheat Sleep Needs. Polytechnic Online. 13 Feb. 2002. 2 Feb. 2004. .Gomes, Ana Allen, Jose Taveres, and Maria Helena Azevedo. Sleep-Wake Patterns and Academic Performance in University Students. 7 Oct. 2002 7. Education-Line Database. 2 Feb. 2004. Medeiros, Ana Ligia D., et al. Relationships Between Sleep-Wake Cycles and Academic Performance in Medical Students. Biological Rhythm Research. 32.2 (2001) 263-270. 2 Feb. 2004. .

My Summer Vacation Essay -- Summer Vacation Essays

When I was ten years old my Father took me to Universal Studios in Orlando Florida during summer vacation. It is one of the most memorable experiences of my life.It was my first time on an airplane, so I was a little nervous. It felt like forever while we sat in the plane waiting to take off. Finally, I perceive the pilot say prepare for take off. Ill admit I was a little scared, but as the plane lifted off the runway, I was ok. The plane ride there was three hours long. It was a little bumpy, but other then that, everything went well. We landed in Orlando. The airport was gigantic. After walking for a while, we found the baggage claim. It took us a while to find all of our suitcases. We rented a car and drove to my Uncle Joes house. We were going to be staying with him for a week. It was gracious to see him and my cousins Brandon and Audrey.We ate dinner, talked for a little while and then I went to sleep. We had a big day ahead of us. We were all going to Universal Studios the future(a) day. I couldnt wait.I could see some of the roller coasters as we drove to Universals Island of Adventure the next morning. There were so many another(prenominal) people there. There was at least 50 people waiting on each line. While we were waiting to get our bracelets, my uncle disappeared for a minute, and when he came back, he surprised us with passes to the front of every line for every ride in the park. Brandon got to pick the first ride we went on. It was called the Hul...

Leonardo da vinci :: essays research papers

Leonardo da Vinci was born April 15, 1452.Leonardo da Vinci was educated in his fathers house receiving the usual elementary education of reading, writing and arithmetic. In 1467 he became an scholar learning painting, sculpture and acquiring technical and mechanical skills. He was accepted into the painters guild in Florence in 1472 but he proceed to work as an apprentice until 1477. From that clock time he worked for himself in Florence as a painter. Already during this time he sketched pumps, military weapons and other machines. Between 1482 and 1499 Leonardo worked for the of the Duke of Milan. He was set forth in a list of the Dukes staff as a painter and engineer of the duke. As well as completing six paintings during his time in the Dukes service he also advised on architecture, fortifications and military matters. He was also considered as a hydraulic and mechanical engineer.During his long stay time in Milan, Leonardo became interested in geometry. He read Leon Battista Albertis books on architecture and Piero della Francescas On Perspective in Painting. Leonardo da Vinci illustrated Paciolis Divina proportione and he continued to work with Pacioli and is reported to have neglected his painting because he became so engrossed in geometry.Leonardo studied Euclid and Paciolis Suma and began his own geometry research. He sometimes gave mechanical solutions. He gave several methods of squaring the circle, again using mechanical methods. He wrote a book, around this time, on the elementary theory of mechanics which appeared in Milan around 1498. Leonardo sure as shooting realised the possibility of constructing a telescope and in Codex Atlanticus written in 1490 he talks of making glasses to see the Moon enlarged. In 1499 the French armies entered Milan and the Duke was defeated. Some months later Leonardo left Milan together with Pacioli. He travelled to Mantua, Venice and finally reached Florence. Although he was under constant pressure to paint, math ematical studies unbroken him away from his painting activity much of the time. He was for a time employed by Cesare Borgia as a senior military architect and usual engineer. By 1503 he was in Florence advising on the project to divert the River Arno behind Pisa to help with the siege of the city which the Florentines were engaged in. He then produced plans for a duct to allow Florence access to the sea. The canal was never built nor was the River Arno diverted.

Amish`

BIOGRAPHY OF MAHATMA PHULE by Dr. Y. D. Phadke. for the bo http//www. dalitstan. org/books/slavery/slavry_b. html 1 of 6 6/23/2005 102 PM - O - thr alldom by Mahatma Phule - O - Biography of Mahatma Phule Dr. Y. D. Phadke. This brief Life Sketch of Mahatma Jotirao Phule is written by the noned the scholar Dr. Y. D. Phadke. He is the editor of the undisturbed Words of Mahatma Phule in Marathi. He is likewise an eminent scholar of Mahatma Phule and the Satyashodhak Movement. JOTIRAO GOVINDRAO PHULE occupies a unique position among the complaisant reformers of Maharashtra in the nineteenth century.While other reformers concentrated much on reforming the social institutions of amily and marriage with special emphasis on the status and right of women, Jotirao Phule revolted against the unjust caste system under which millions of people had f whole behinded for centuries. In piece of musicicular, he courageously upheld the cause of the untouchables and look up the cudgels for the poorer peasants. He was a militant advocate of their right. The story of his stormy life is an inspiring saga of a continuous crusade whih he waged relentlessly against the forces of reaction.Though some keen describers of the social scene in Maharashtra like Narayan Mahadeo Parmananda did acknowledge his greatness in his lifetime, it is only if in is only in recent decades that in that location is increasing appreciation of his service and sacrifice in uplifting the masses. Jotirao Phule was born in 1827. His father, Govindrao was a vegetable-vendor at Poona. Originally Jotiraos family cognise as Gorhays, came from Katgun, a village in the Satara district of Maharashtra, His grandfather Shetiba Gorhay settled d profess in Poona. Since Jotiraos father and ii uncles served as florists under the last of the Peshwas, they came to be known as Phule.Jotiraos mother passed a look when he was hardly one year old. After completing his primary education, Jotirao had to relinquish the school and help his father by working on the familys farm. Jotiraos marriage was celebrated when he was not even thirteen. Impressed by Jotiraos intelligence and his love of knowledge two of his neighbours, one a Muslim teachr and another a Christian gentleman persuaded his father Govindrao to allow him to study in a secondary school. In 1841, got admission in the frugal Missions High School at Poona. It was in his this school that he met SadashivBIOGRAPHY OF MAHATMA PHULE by Dr.Y. D. Phadke. for the bo http//www. dalitstan. org/books/slavery/slavry_b. html 2 of 6 6/23/2005 102 PM Ballal Govande, a brahmin, who remained a close friend throughout his life. Both Jotirao and Govande were greatly influenced by Thomas Paines ideas and they read with great interest Paines famous book The Rights of Man. Moro Vithal Valvekar and Sakharam Yashwant Paranjapye were two other brahmin friends of Jotirao who in later years stood by him in all his activities. After completing his secondary edu cation in 1847 Jotirao unflinching not to accept a job under the Government.An incident in 1848 made him aw be of the iniquities of the caste system, the predominant position of the Brahmin in the social setup. He was invited to attend a wedding of one of his Brahmin friends. As the bridegroom was taken in a procession, Jotirao accompanied him along with the relatives of his Brahmin friends. Knowing that Jotirao belonged to the geographical mile caste which was considered to be inferior by the Brahmins, the relatives of the bridegroom insulted and abused him. Jotirao left the procession and retuned home. With tears in his eyes, he narrated his experience to his father who tried to placate him.After this incident Jotirao made up his mind to defy the caste-system and serve the Shudras and women who were deprived of all their rights as human creations under the caste-system. Education of women and the lower castes, he believed, merited priority, Hence he began educating his wife S avitribai and opened a girls school in August 1848. The orthodox opponents of Jotirao were furious and they started a vicious campaign against him. He refused to be unnerved by their malicious propaganda. As no teacher dared to work in a which untouchable were admitted as students, Jotirao asked his wife to teach the girls in his school.Stones and brickbats were thrown at her when she was on her way to the school. The reactionaries threatened Jotiraos father with dire consequences if he did not dissociate himself Yielding to the pressure, Jotiraos father asked his son and the daughter in-law to leave his house as both of them refused to give up their noble endeavor. Though the school had to be closed for sometime due to lack of funds, Jotirao re-opened it with the help of his Brahmin friends Govande and Valvekar. On 3 July 1851, he founded a girls school in which eight girls were admittedon the world-class day. Steadily the number of student increased.Savitribai taught in this sch ool also and had to suffer a surge because of hostility of the orthodox people. Jotirao opened two more girls schools during 1851-52 in a memorial addressed to the Education Commission (popularly known as the Hunter Commission ) in 1882, he described his activities in the field of education, A year after the institution of the female school I also naturalized and indigenous mixed school for the lower classes, especially the Mahars and Mangs. Tow more school for these classes were subsequently added. I continued to work in them for around nine to ten years.Jotirao was aware that primary education among the masses in the Bombay Presidency was very much neglected. He argued that a good deal of their poverty,BIOGRAPHY OF MAHATMA PHULE by Dr. Y. D. Phadke. for the bo http//www. dalitstan. org/books/slavery/slavry_b. html 3 of 6 6/23/2005 102 PM their want of self-reliance, their entire dependence upon the learned and intelligent classes could be arrogate to the British Government fo r spending profusely a lar portion of revenue on the education of the higher classes. According to him. this policy resulted in the virtual monopoly of all the higher offices under the Government by the Brahmins.Jotirao boldly attacked the stranglehold of the Brahmins, who prevented others from having access to all the avenues of Knowledge and influence. He denounced them as cheats and hypocrites. He asked the masses to resist the authoritarianism of the Brahmins. All his writings were variation on this theme. His critics made fun of his ignorance of grammar and philology, his inelegant language and far-fetched interpretation of Indian history and the ancient texts. They brushed his criticism asunder by saying that he was merely echoing what the Christian missionaries had said roughly the Indian night club in general and Brahmin in particular.The established scholars in his time did not take Phules arguments seriously. His critics did not realise that Jotiraos acrimonious critic ism was basically a spontaneous outburst of a genuine name for the equal rights of human beings Emotionally he was so deeply involved in his work that he could not make a dispassionate abridgment and take a detached view of the social forces. Jotiraos deep sense of commitment to basic human value made it difficult for him to restrain himself when he witnessed injustice and atrocities committed in the name of religion by those who were supposed to be its custodians.Widow remarriages were banned and child-marriage was very common among the Brahmin and other upper castes in the consequently Hindu society. Many widows were immature and not all of them could perish in a manner in which the orthodox people pass judgment them to live. close to of the delinquent widows resorted to abortion or left their illegitimate children to their fate by leaving them on the streets. Out of pity for the orphans, jotirao Phule established an orphanage, possible the first much(prenominal) instituti on founded by a Hindu. Jotirao gave protection to pregnant widows and assured them that the orphanage would take care of their children.It was in this orphanage run by Jotirao that a Brahmin widow gave birth to a boy in 1873 and Jotirao adopted him as his son. For sometime, Jotirao worked as a contractor for the political sympathies and supplied building material required for the pull of a huge barrage at Khadakvasala near Poona. He had a direct experience of working with the officials of the creation Works Department which was notorious as a hotbed of corruption. Except the British officers holding very high positions in the Department. the clerks and other officers were invariably Brahmin and they exploited the illiterate workers.Jotirao felt in requisite to explain to the workers how they were duped by the Brahmin officials . in one of the ballads composed by him, he described vividly the fraudulent practices resorted to by the Brahmin officials in the Public Works Department (printed at the end of Slavery)BIOGRAPHY OF MAHATMA PHULE by Dr. Y. D. Phadke. for the bo http//www. dalitstan. org/books/slavery/slavry_b. html 4 of 6 6/23/2005 102 PM In 1868, Jotirao decided to give access to the untouchables to small bathing tank mere his house.In his controversial book called Slavery published in June 1873, Jotirao included a manifesto which tell that he was willing to dine with all regardless of their caste, creed or country of origin. It is significant that several newspapers refused to give publicity to the manifesto because of its contents. His book Slavery was crude(a)ly criticised for its venomous propaganda against the Brahmins. Jotio dedicated this book to the good people of the United States as a token of admiration for their sublime, disinterested and self sacrificing faithfulness in the cause of Negro Slavery. The book is written in the form of a dialogue.After tracing the history of the Brahmin domination in India, Jotirao examined the motives a nd objects of cruel and inhuman laws close in by the brahmins. Their main object in fabricating these fasehoods was to dupe the minds of the ignorant and rivet firmly on them the chains of perpetual bondage and slavery which their selfishness and cunning had forged, The inclementness of the laws as affecting the Sudras and the intense hatred with which they were regarded by the Brahmins can be explained on no other supposition but that there was, originally between the two, a deadly feud arising from the advent of the latter in to this land.Jotirao argued that the sudras were the sons of the soil while the Brahmins came from outback(a) and usurped everything that was possessed by the not one hundredth part of the rogueries that were mostly practsed on his poor, illiterate and ignorant Sudra brethren. On 24 September 1873 , Jotirao convened a meeting of his followers and admirers and it was decided to form the Satya Shodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth) with Jotirao as its first president and treasurer. Every member had to take pledge of loyalty to the British Empire.The main objectives of the organi sit downion were to liberate the Shudras and Ati Shudras and to prevent their exploitation by the Brahmins. All the members of the Satya Shodhak Samaj were expected to treat all human being as children of God and worship the Creator without the help of any mediator. Membership was open to all and the available certainty proves that some Jews were admitted as members. In 1876. Jotirao refused to regard the Vedas as sacrosanct. He opposed idolatry and denounced the chaturvarnya. In his book Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Pustak published in 1891, his views on religious and social issues are given in the form of f dialogue.According to him,both men and women were entitled to enjoy equal rights and it was a sin to discriminate between human being on the basis of sex. He stressed the unity of man and envisaged a society based on liberty, equality and fraternity. He was aware that religious bigotry and aggressive natioalism destroy the unity of man. In 1876 Jotirao was nominated as a member of the Poona Municipality, He tried to help the people in the famine-stricken areas of Maharashtra when a severe famine in 1877 forced people in the rural area to leave their villages.Some of them had to leave their children behind and appeal issued on 17 May 1877 by Jotirao indicates that theBIOGRAPHY OF MAHATMA PHULE by Dr. Y. D. Phadke. for the bo http//www. dalitstan. org/books/slavery/slavry_b. html 5 of 6 6/23/2005 102 PM Victoria Orphanage was founded under the auspices of the Satya Shodhak Samaj to took after these ill-fated children. From the beginning of the year 1879 Krishnarao Bhalekar, one of his colleagues, edited a weekly called Deenbandhu which was the organ f the Satya Shodhak Samaj.The weekly articulated the grievances of the peasants and workers. Deenbandhu defended Jotirao when Vishnushastri Chiplunkar, a powerful spokesmen of the conse rvative nationalists, attacked Jotiraos writing in the most vitriolic style. Narayan Meghaji Lokhande was another prominent colleague of Jotirao, Lokhande is acclaimed as the Father of Trade Union Movement in India From 1880 onward, he look over the focussing of Deenbabdhu which published from Bombay. Along with Lokhande. Jotirao also addressed the meetings of the textile workers in Bombay.It is significant that before and his colleagues Bhalekar and Lokhande tried to organise the peasants and the workers, no such attempt was made by any organisation to redress their grievances. One of the charges levelled by Jotirao against the leading of the Brahmo Samaj and the Prarthana Samaj, the Sarvajanik Sabha and the Indian National Congress was that despite their programmes, in reality, they did very little to improve the lot of the masses. He felt that these organisations were dominated by the Brahmins and were not truly presentative in character.In his booklet called Satsara (The Esse nce of Truth) published in June 1885, he criticised the Brahmo Samaj and the Prarthana Samaj. Addressing their leaders he declared, We dont need the help of your organisations. Dont worry approximately us In his book, Sarvajanik Sabha or the Indian National Congress. He warnhat the persistent demand made by these organisation for Indianisation of the administrative run, if accepted, would lead to Brahminisation of the service in India.He thought that it was difficult to create a sense of nationality so long as the restriction on dining and marrying after-school(prenominal) the caste continued to observed by people belonging to different castes. Education of the masses would promote the process of nation-making. It should be remembered that just as Jotirao did not mince words when he criticised the leaders of tormist movement he was equally fearless in criticising the decision of the alien rulers which did not contribute to the welfare of the masses.When the government wanted to g rant more licences for liquor-shop, Jotirao condemned this move as he believed that addiction to liquor would ruin many poor families. On 30 November 1880, the President of the Poona Municipality put across the members of approve his proposal of spending one thousand rupees on the occasion of the visit of Lord Lytton, the Governor-General of India. The official wanted to present him an address during his visit to Poona. Lytton had passed an stand for which resulted in gagging the press and Deenbandhu, the organ of the Satya Shodhak Samaj, had protested against the restriction on the right to freedom of the press.Jotirao did not like the idea of spending the money of the tax- payers in honouring a lymph node like Lytton. HeBIOGRAPHY OF MAHATMA PHULE by Dr. Y. D. Phadke. for the bo http//www. dalitstan. org/books/slavery/slavry_b. html 6 of 6 6/23/2005 102 PM boldly suggested that the amount could be very puff up spent on the education of the poor people in poona. He was the only member out of all the thirty-two nominated members of the Poona Municipality who voted against the official resolution. some other incident also revealed his attachment for the poor easant and his courage in drawing the attention of member of the British royal family to the sufferings of the framers in rural areas, On 2 March 1888, Hari Raoji Chiplunkar, a friend of Jotirao, arranged a function in honour of the Duke and Duchess of Connaught. Dressed like a peasant, Jotirao attended the function and made a speech,. He commented on the rich invitees who displayed their wealth by wearing diamond studded je soundery and warned the visiting dignitaries that the people who had gathered there did not represent India.If the Duke of Connaught was really interested in finding out the condition of the Indian subjects of Her Majesty the Queen of England, Jotirao suggested that the ought to visit some nearby village as well as the areas in the city occupied by the untouchables. He requested the Duke of Connaught who was a gandson of Queen Victoria to convey his message to her and made a crocked plea to will education to the poor people, Jotiraos speech created quit a stir. Throughout his life.Jotirao Phule fought for the emancipation of the downtrodden people and the struggle which he launched at a young age ended only when he died on 28 November 18 He was a pioneer in many fields and among his contemporaries he stands out as one who never wavered in his quest for trust for and justice, Thought he was a great deal accused of fomenting hatred between the non Brahmins, very seldom an attempt was made to consider his scathing criticism in a broad perspective.The later generation also took considerable time to understand and appreciate the profound significance of his unflinching espousal of the rights of man remained till the end of his life a major theme of his writings and a goal of his actions. p. xxii Dr. Y. D. PHADKE o o O o o Table of Contents Preface THE END AmishJanie Kiester Mini Ethnography on Amish Dinner Instructor, Michelle Stone, PhD Amish/Mennonite Information Today there are over 12 different Amish and Mennonite groups in the Shipshawana area. They do not permit electricity or tele thinks in their homes. By restricting access to television, radio, and telephones, the Amish spirit they are better able to keep the modern world from intruding into their home life. The Amish have long preferred farming as a way of life. They feel their life-style and their families can best be maintained in a rural environment.While they do not permit the use of tractors in their fields, these traditional Amish groups do use modern farm equipment pulled by teams of horses or mules. These traditional Amish groups do not own or operate automobiles, believing that cars would provide easier access to the ways of the world. You often see their horses and buggies on the streets of Shipshawana. These traditional groups wear plain clothing styles, which has earned them the name Plain People. It is the simple, peaceful lifestyle of these plain people that attracts such a curiosity today. Many wonder how these people can survive in their supposedly backward ways.Well, theyre not only surviving theyre thriving. Since 1960, the Amish population in Shipshewana has almost tripled. Their separation from the rest of society actually helps to strengthen their biotic community. Amish children attend Amish one-room school houses through the eighth grade. Amish worship services are held every other week in one of the members homes. Socializing is an important part of Amish life. The Amish have a strong sense of community spirit, and often come to the aid of those in need. Their barn raisings are a good example and neighbors freely give of their time and their skills to help one another.The Amish are generally private people and often find all the attention and curiosity about their lifestyle disturbing. They believe that the taking of photog raphs where someone is recognizable is forbidden by the Biblical prohibition against making any graven image. With our societys current interest in restoring family values, much can be learned from studying the Amish way of life. Their devotion to family and community and their strong work ethic are good examples of a much larger society. I was invited to attend the Amish Dinner in the home of J and B Yoder, of Shipshawana on October 16, 2010, at 600pm.Six other people were invited to attend this special dinner and I arrived early so I could observe them as they arrived. The home was completely inviting and decorated in wood furniture and homemade furnishings anyone would be of comfort. Small Amish children could be found running around, lots of women with aprons carrying fodder dishes to the eating area, even a dog was barking and running about while all this commotion was happening. I talked to Mrs. Yoder, the wife of Mr. Yoder, who is the head of the household. I asked her many questions about being Amish, living with extend family, and what her socialization is like on a day to day basis.She excitingly talked about her family and her ideal culture of being Amish. She went on to talk about the huge amounts of work that has to be done each day and each person residing in the home has their own responsibilities. She named a some of hers, including laundry by hand, bathing the 7 young children, making 12 loafs of bread everyday and the cleaning. She laughed at having 4 ovens and it still isnt enough for her family. The powerful leaders in her group are definitely the men. Then use the law of consecration and when someone needs help it is done together as a community in the order of need.If a family needs food, housing, transportation, then they give from within. She comments about being born and raised Amish and that she does not know a life outside it. She does enjoy the family unity the culture provides, the sense of well-being and the alleviate lifestyl e. The first to arrive was the Adams Family. There were two adults and two small children. They entered the house with much gratitude and was introduced to Mr. and Mrs. Yoder. The children were brought into the game room to play with the Amish children. I stood in the doorway to observe the children and noticed the conversation was all about the Amish childs clothing.A Adams, was asking the sweet Amish boy why he had to wear the same out fit as the other Amish boys and men. He even asked if it was his Halloween costume. It was amazing to me that at the age of 5, Alex knew that the clothing was out of his social norm. He also was well aware that this Amish boy was not of his same social group. The Amish boy was very quiet and did not answer the questions he was asked. He sat quietly and played with a hand made wooden truck. C Adams, the older boy pulled out his Nintendo DS System and started playing with it. The Amish boy asked him if it was a calculator.C Adams, showed the Amish boy the video game system and he watched but never took the offer to play it. Mrs. Adams was in the kitchen trying to help but her attempts were cancelled down by the sweet Amish women. The adjacent to arrive was a downcast couple. They were not as out going and gracious as the Adams family. They sat at the table and did not get up and look around or offer any assistance to the Amish women. I walked up to this couple and introduced myself to them. They had just move to the area and was invited to the dinner by friends. They currently had no knowledge or experience with the Amish and were amazed by their lifestyle.They were anxious to try the delicious food they unploughed hearing all about. They also commented on never knowing anyone who could live life without cars, electricity etc. The black man did ask if there were black Amish families in the area and Mr. Yoder commented that he did not know of any and that he was sure there were African Americans who partake in his same cultu re. Once the guests were all arrived, they were all invited to gather into the garage area where there were long tables set up for the dinner. Young girls wore cute aprons and were introduced as our servers for the evening. The group was overall very quiet and full of observation.There were a few babies fussing but other then that you heard very little chatter. Mr. and Mrs. Yoder came out and welcomed everyone formally and asked to say a tenderness on the food. This was definitely part of their beliefs and everyone took the gesture kindly. We then sat as the young Amish girls brought platters and platters of food to our tables. Huge amounts of fried chicken, chicken and noodles, mashed potatoes, lots of different vegetables, bloodless turkey and ham were available to enjoy. Everyone ate and kept to themselves. The Amish girls were busy running back and forth with new platters of food and pitchers full of fresh lemonade.There was no entertainment of any kind and we very seldom saw the hostesses. It would have been nice if they were around to answer questions or to offer information about their culture to the invited guests. After the main course was cleared and everyone was full with a joyous amount of food, they brought out the pie. There was lots of cheering and excitement. We were allowed 2 pieces and there was about 10 different choices. My husband and I chose 4 different choices and nibbled at each of them. The Amish are definitely known for their delicious pies and bakery items. As the guests tardily left as they finished their deserts.I watched and only a few took their dirty dishes into the kitchen. Those that did, took the time to thank the Yoder family for this special occasion. A couple of the young Amish boys then took a few of the men on a tour of the property. The Amish are definitely a rare social institution of its own. They go against the world and live life like they did a million years ago and survive. No cell phones, no internet, no cars, no electricity, no gasoline, etc. These strict values make the outsider curious of such institution. I heard people say many times, I could never live like this, how do they do it? How do they do it?Many of them dont know anything different and therefore make it much easier to go without something that you never had to begin with. The Amish are a religious group, they are sweet and full of Gods spirit. The are a kind people, a family orientated people. They are altruistic, always doing service for someone else. I cant help but have in mind what our society would be like with instilled and encouraged amazing values and beliefs. One can still have electricity and be kind, love their families and do selfless acts of service right? I feel that our society would be so much better if somehow we could follow some of the Amishs examples.We all have our own norms, our own religions and beliefs. Watching teenagers text nonstop is something that I fear is a glimpse of our future. Can we sur vive without materialistic things like a cell phone? How could a teenagers time be spent if he/she werent loathing in high school gossip 24/7? As an entire society we will never be able to instil such values but within our families and primary groups we can. As parents I feel that we have a huge responsibility and teaching our children high standards and values is of the utmost importance.What would our society be like if teenagers spent the same amount of time studying as they did texting? Amazing We would have rocket scientists everywhere Writing this paper gave me some great experience going out of my social comfort zone. I found, however, that it makes a group more likely to socialize if someone opens up first and introduces themselves. It breaks the ice and was much easier then I had thought it would be. I feel my next social event will go better now that I have experienced going out of my comfort zone and introducing myself to strangers first.

Reshaping Cultures

9 October 2013 word count 2075 The Reshaping of Cultures Section Three Plastic Surgery Aspects of ones culture be shaped by personal experiences, househ former(a) traditions, and by ones national beliefs. How sensitive the topic of cosmetic operating theatre is, differs by culture. conspiracy Koreans now widely be take hold flexible surgery as a p cunning of their culture. This movement has sparked widespread criticism from people around the world. M any people either notifyt comprehend the idea, beart circumvent past the cultural barrier, or cant accept the adequate reasoning behind it.However, the reasoning is quite imple and should be accepted universally Personal satisfaction and satisfaction are important factors to ones well-being, and if improving ones appearance can critically boost ones self-esteem, then victorious advantage of the technologies we have nowadays like plastic surgery should be an acceptable option to remedy low self-worth and low self- esteem. Ever y culture has some different idea of what is considered beautiful. In the past when people lived in less diverse- flavor societies, the standards of beauty typically were defined by features that werent common amongst their own ommunity.As time flowed, certain places became more ethnically and culturally diverse than others, and in those places ideas clashed and standards changed, resulting in a more wanton community with warning beauty being more subjective. However, there are places that still arent so diverse. In these places, the conception of what is considered high-flown beauty is more predominantly accepted and can be linked heavily to historical and cultural roots as well as how powerful and persistent the media is in that particular society.Although southwestward Korea has been experiencing esternization since the Korean War, the boorish is still a generally homogenous nation, meaning that the demographics are still mostly Korean. confederation Korea is a country whe re the old meets the new and where traditions go hand in hand with modern ideas and technology this goes for beauty as well. In ancient South Korea, having certain features could define not only ones ancestral past, but also ones future.In an article explaining the marriage of cosmetic surgery and ancient customs, Lee Su Hyun explains that, Physiognomy, or the art of face reading, has een practiced for centuries in Korea as well as in other Asian countries as a way of divining a persons future (Lee par. 8). In addition she proposed that, Koreans also believe that personality is reflected in a persons facial features and that they their facial features are shaped by fate, genes and lifestyle (Lee par. 9). This belief still persists today and many Koreans experience social pressures because of it.A South Korean mother explains that her daughter, Lee Min-Kyong, a 12 year old ballet dancer, lacks confidence Everyone, she says, points out her tiny eyes. Its why she doesnt think shes a pretty girl (Lah par. 3). Her mother added, Im having her do it pretty to get ahead (qtd. in Lah par. 7). Although her daughter didnt ask for the surgery, Min-Kyong is looking forward to it Im excited. I think Ill look better than I do now, she says shyly, breaking into a small smile (Lah par. 5).Foreigners may consider these social pressures to be offensive and superficial, but to South Koreans they are not these pressures are Just another all(prenominal)day-custom. Korean media, especially the Korean pop (K-pop) scene, has also been shaped by these social ressures which state that beauty is important. In K-pop, the most successful and famous idols perfectly fit what Koreans consider beautiful, near perfection. These idols are a part of every aspect of the media because of that. Unlike the western counterpart in which he or she is known for what he or she does best, a single Korean idol can be known to partake in a multitude of positions.It is very common to find a single idol b eing an actor or actress, a model, a musician, a singer, a dancer, a show host, a reality show celebrity, and a comedian. They are the role models of ociety, and, as a country where there is a pressure to look beautiful, many younger South Koreans enw and aspire to their features They all have small faces, large eyes, and tiny button noses. Chins are pointed, cheeks are wide, and their faces glow artificially, imbuing them with the anime quality (Stone par. 15). Sure those features flaunted perfection, but there was a catch those features arent commonly or traditionally Korean.As revealed by netizens, this beauty was the work of plastic surgery. South Korea is very technologically advanced and is the most wired in the orld, with the highest rate of smartphone usage 67 percent and 95 percent of Korean homes having profit access (Stone par. 23). Rando Kim, a professor of consumer science at Seoul National University, suggests being so Wired contributed to the trend of plastic surgery Celebrities have helped to drive the trend of plastic surgery, as they scramble to keep ahead of digital technology that mercilessly exposes not only their physical imperfections, but any attempts to remedy them (Choe par. ). He clarifies that, Wide-screen and high definition TV put pressure on hem celebrities to look good in close-ups, and with the Internet, where people like to post before and later on pictures, they can no longer hide it having undergone plastic surgery. So they go public, often talking proudly about it on TV (Choe par. 8). Although before the K-pop boom Korean youth already were being brought up on a diet of surgery (Stone par. 21), Dr.Park Sang-hoon, head of ID Hospital, notes that ordinary South Koreans are now more open about the idea because their idols are open about it It used to be all hush-hush when mothers brought their daughters in or a face-lift before taking them to match-makers, now young women go plastic surgery shopping around here (Choe par. 10) . This shift towards a nation-wide open-mindedness for plastic surgery relieved many South Koreans. However, what was a relief within the country, sparked ethnocentric criticism from the international audience.Today in South Korea, cosmetic surgery is a social norm South Koreans have more plastic surgery than any other nation according to figures released in January. Those in the Asian country have more treatments per members of the population, with one in every 77 turning to the knife or needle (Nolan Par. 2). One thing that seemed to twainer a lot of critics was not only that statistic but also what Koreans were getting done, which in many articles regarding the matter is western. This idea seems absolutely outrageous, false, and offensive to many people especially of Asian descent.Dr. Joo Kwon, head of JK Plastic Surgery Clinic, and Dr. Kwon Seung-Taik, a plastic surgeon at Seoul National University Hospital, both agree While critics often argue that Koreans are adopting a more Western ideal of beauty, both Kwon and Joo disagree, saying that the standards are universal (Kim par. 1). Kwon supports his position, mentioning something he read a while back, Two love letters, he says, Written 5,000 years ago, from China and Greece, respectively, both describe their lover as beautiful, with a pointed nose and large eyes (qtd. n Kim par. 43). He also said, in defense, We have Westerners coming in to racetrack down their nose to a smaller size does that mean they want to look Asian (qtd. in Kim par. 44)? If one were to look at the before and after pictures in detail of Asians that have undergone cosmetic surgery, one can effortlessly notice that the features dont esemble any specific features only Westerners or Caucasians have nor are they any particularly non-Asian. What emerged from this stalemate didnt do the situation justice, though.What all this type of criticism came down to was Just the obscuring of what mattered the most, how alleviated the patients were after undergoing their surgery. Although Min-kyung was only 12 years old and didnt make the decision herself to get the surgery, for Min-Kyung, the 20-minute surgery has been well worth the cost and post-surgical discomfort. A few weeks later, she and her mother email to ay shes happy with her new look. And when this 12-year old stares at herself dancing in the studio, she no longer Just sees her eyes. She sees a prettier girl (Lah par. 17).Especially at that age, confidence is very important. With Just that minor surgery, her increase in confidence, eventide if increased by Just the slightest bit, will help her progress not only through her difficult teenage years but also thereafter. In another article, which criticizes the shift towards the acceptance for plastic surgery in South Korea and explains the supposed dangers associated with that shift, a omens experience is shared Chang Hae-Jin, 21 , an art student who was self- assured about her slightly protruding teeth and chin d ecided to take that risk with Dr. Park.

Ethics in Healthcare Essay

Healthcare is a diverse field with many specialties, but a commonality in whole manifestations is providers morals. Ethics means following the standards and guidelines set by institutions as it relates to job duties, pro behavior, and patients. The decisions made by wellnesscare passe-partouts, be it physicians, nurses or medical checkup staff, affect real people and may mean the difference in the midst of life and death. The health and welfare of patients, along with the very serious aspect of treatment facilitation, requires that respectable standards be followed every step of the way for the health care professional. Following ethic issues will give us a schoolwide view of what it means and how it applies to the healthcare industry. Healthcare professionals follow morality from how medical guidelines are set, how moral philosophy can become legal issues, and ethical effects on patience.Setting of GuidelinesThe settings of guidelines differ from facility to facility, bu t the core values are the similar. Guidelines are usually produced at national or international levels by medical associations or governmental bodies, such as the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Local healthcare providers may produce their own set of guidelines or adapt them from existing top-level guidelines. (Guidelines & recommendations, n.d.) Clinical practice guidelines are systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for precise clinical circumstances. (Institute of Medicine, 1990). Such documents sire been in use for thousands of years during the ideal history of medicine. (Wikipedia) Clinical protocol is a predefined writtenprocedural method in the design and implementation of experiments. protocols are written whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other laboratories. Detailed protocols also facilitate the assessment of results through peer review. In addition to detailed procedures and lists of required equipment and instruments, protocols frequently include in processation on safety precautions, the calculation of results and reporting standards, including statistical analysis and rules for predefining and documenting excluded data to avoid bias.(Wikipedia) in all aspects of guidelines all have a form of ethics that follow.Ethics GroupsThere are many different ethics groups in healthcare. Ethics groups improve patient care and the health of the public by examining and promoting physician professionalism. The Ethics groups are organized into three separate as stated by (AMA) Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs (CEJA), which promotes adherence to the professional ethical standards set out in the cipher through its judicial function, Ethics Resource Center, which provides students and physicians with the essential tools and skills to address ethical challenge s in a ever-changing health care environment, and the Institute for Ethics which is an academic research center uniquely situated in the nations largest professional association of physicians. All these different groups listed above, promote ethics in healthcare. Another ethic that effect patients is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA). As stated by (AMA) Created in 1996 (HIPPA) provides the ability to transfer and continue health insurance coverage for millions of American workers and their families when they modification or lose their jobs Reduces health care fraud and abuse mandates industry-wide standards for health care information on electronic billing and other processes and requires the protection and confidential handling of protected health information.So many different parts of ethics that effect patients seem never-ending but all these things are set in place to help patients, but when do these ethics go too far? When do they become legal iss ues? Ethics codes and policies of facilities can turn wrong fast and one persons view change others as things go awry and it becomes a legal issue. An example ofethics becoming a legal issue is a Texas practice of law that says life-sustaining treatment cannot be withdrawn from a pregnant patient, regardless of her end-of-life wishes.Recently there was a Texas woman who was brain dead and pregnant. She and her husband both paramedics, between from each one other, did not want to be kept alive by machines in this type of situation. The hospital applied the law cited above, but is this the correct type of ethics governing hospitals? Larry Thompson, a states attorney arguing on behalf of the hospital stated the hospital was trying to protect the rights of the fetus as it believed Texas law instructed it to do. (Urbanski, D. 2014) Keeping a dead body alive with a fetus that had slim to no chance at life, where do ethics come in? Are ethics more of a personal belief or opinion of some? Ethical CodesEthics codes help standardize the quality of ethics in healthcare field. The Code of Medical Ethics made by the American Medical Association (AMA) which was founded in 1847 unanimously adopted the worlds first national code of professional ethics in medicine. Since that time it has been the authoritative ethics guide for practicing physicians. The Code articulates the enduring values of medicine as a profession. As a statement of the values to which physicians commit themselves individually and collectively, the Code is a touchstone for medicine as a professional community. It defines medicines integrity and the source of the professions authority to self-regulate. (AMA) This code has set the guidelines for the medical industry. The Hippocratic Oath also shows how guidelines are set in medicine.Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by doctors and other healthcare professionals swearing to practice medicine honestly. There have been ethical guidelines in medicin e a long time, the Hippocratic oath was written in 5th century BC. (Tyson, 2001) Such documents have been in use for thousands of years during the entire history of medicine. Each medical facility has their own ethical guidelines to follow and it plays an important role in healthcare and plays a role on patients. The hold out code is the National Association for Healthcare Quality (NAHQ). NAHQs (2011)Maintains active personal and professional development programs in the field of healthcare quality and exhibits a broad range of knowledge creates and supports an environment that fosters teamwork, emphasizes quality,recognizes the customer, and promotes learning maintains a commitment to the improvement of the professional through participation in, and active support of, the local, state, and national professional organizations addresses concerns and takes formal actions to resolve or report the unethical or questionable practices to the appropriate channels. (Code of Ethics for Healt hcare Quality Professionals, n.d.)ConclusionIn summary, ethics have effects on how medical guidelines are set, how ethics can become legal issues, and ethical effects on patients. Every part of healthcare ethics plays an important role in the process. Decisions of facilities, providers, and patients are all impacted by ethics. Medical professionals must follow ethical guidelines and be aware of legal issues, and ethical effects on patience. The decisions made by healthcare professionals, be it physicians, nurses or medical staff, affect real people and may mean the difference between life and death. The health and welfare of patients, along with the very serious aspect of treatment facilitation, requires that ethical standards be followed every step of the way for the healthcare professional.References(AMA) Code of medical ethics. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics.pageAmerican medical association (AMA)-Council on ethical and judicial affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/ama-councils/council-ethical-judicial-affairs.page(AMA) Ethics resource center. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/about-ethics-group/ethics-resource-center.page(AMA) Health insurance portability and answerableness act. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/solutions-managing-your-practice/coding-billing-insurance/hipaahealth-insurance-portability-accountability-act.pageGuidelines & recommendations. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-recommendations/index.html(NAHQ) Code of ethics and standards of practice for healthcare quality professionals. (p.3 n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.nahq.org/uploads/files/about/codestandards.pdfNational institute of health -Clinical practice guidelines. (n.d.) as cited by (Institute for medicine, 1990) R etrieved from http//nccam.nih.gov/health/providers/clinicalpractice.htmlProtocol (natural sciences). (n.d.). Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial_protocolTyson, P. (n.d.). The Hippocratic Oath today. Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/hippocratic-oath-today.htmlUrbanski, D. (2014, 01 26). Family Pregnant and brain-dead Texas woman removed from life support.. Retrieved from http//www.theblaze.com/stories/2014/01/26/family-pregnant-and-brain-dead-texas-woman-removed-from-life-support/

Candide and Enlightenment

Voltaires Candide both supported and ch solelyenged traditional enlightenment viewpoints through the use of put on non-western perspectives. Candide mockingly contradicts the typical sagacity spirit that slice is naturally good and can be master all over his own destiny (optimism). Candide faces many hardships that argon caused by the cruelty of man (such as the war between the Bulgars and Abares, Cunegonde being raped, etc) and events that are beyond his control (the temblor in Lisbon).Voltaire did not believe that a perfect God (or any God) has to exist he mocked the idea that the world must be completely good, and he makes fun of this idea throughout Candide. He also makes fun of the philosophers of the time, because the philosophers in the novel talk a lot, do nothing, and solve no businesss at all. Candide also makes a mockery of the aristocracys notion of superiority by birth. Voltaire also addresses the corruption of the religious figures and the church thus destroying and challenging the Sacred Circle. Voltaires Candide is the story of one mans trials and sufferings through life.The main character is Candide. Candide is portrayed as a wanderer. He grew up in the Castle of the Baron of Westphalia, who was his mothers familiar and was taught by, Dr. Pangloss, the greatest philosopher of the whole world. Pangloss taught Candide that everything that happens is for the best. Candide is exiled from the castle because of his love for the Barons daughter, Cunegonde. He then sets out to different places in the hope of catch outing her and achieving total happiness. Candide fantasy that everything happened for the best because the greatest philosopher taught him that, but everyone around him did not accept that theory.The optimistic Pangloss and Candide, suffer and witness a wide variety of horrors beating, rapes, robberies, unjust executions, malady,and an earthquake, These things do not serve any apparent greater good, but be a sign of the cruelty an d madness of humanity and the lack of sympathy of the natural world. Pangloss manages to find justification for the terrible things in the world, but his arguments are sometimes stupid, for example, when the Anabaptist is about to drown he stops Candide from saving him because he claims that the Bay of Lisbon had been organise specifically for the drowning of the Anabaptist.Other characters, such as the old woman, Martin, and Cacambo, have all reached more pessimistic conclusions about humanity and the world because of past experiences. One problem with Pangloss optimism was that it was not based on the real world, but on abstract arguments of philosophy. In the story of Candide, philosophy repeatedly proves to be useless and even destructive. It prevents characters from make realistic judgment of the world around them and from taking positive action to change hostile situations.Candide lies under debris after the Lisbon earthquake and Pangloss ignores his requests for crude and wine and instead struggles to prove the causes of the earthquake. In another scenario, Pangloss is telling Candide of how he contracting venereal disease from Paquette, and how it came from one of Christopher Columbus men. He tells Candide that venereal disease was necessary because now Europeans were able to enjoy new world delicacies, like chocolate. The character Candide was the nephew of the Baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh, whose sister, was Candides mother.The barons sister, refused to marry Candides pay off because he only had seventy-one quarterings (noble lineages) in his coat of arms, while her own coat of arms had seventy-two (Candide, 1). This exaggeration makes the aristocracys concern over the subtleties of birth look ridiculous. Candide explores the hypocrisy that was rampant in the Church and the cruelty of the clergy using a variety of satirical and ironic situations such as, the Lisbon earthquake that kills tens of thousands of people and damages three fourth of Lisbo n still the Portuguese Inquisition decides to perform an auto-da-fe to appease God and prevent another disaster.This serves no habit because another earthquake strikes in the middle of the hanging of Pangloss and beating of Candide. Church officials in Candide are portrayed as being among the most sinful of all citizens having mistresses, engaging in homosexual affairs, and operating as jewel thieves. The most ridiculous example of hypocrisy in the Church is the fact that a pope has a daughter despite his vows of celibacy.Other examples are the Portuguese Inquisitor, who takes Cunegonde for a mistress, who hangs Pangloss and executes his fellow citizens over philosophical differences, and orders Candide to beaten for, listening with an air of approval (Candide, 13) to the opinions of Pangloss and a Franciscan friar who is a jewel thief, despite the vow of poverty taken by members of the Franciscan order. Finally, Voltaire introduces a Jesuit colonel with marked homosexual tendenci es.The Enlightenment belief, in which a perfect society should be controlled by reforming existing institutions, is made to appear ridiculous, while erhaps all that Voltaire wanted to do was to present the register of his century with the worst abominations. It was probably Voltaires ability to challenge all authority that was his greatest contribution to Enlightenment values. He questioned his own parenthood and his morals to expect his ideas to the world of Enlightenment through the novel Candide. In particular, the novel makes fun of those who think that human beings can endlessly improve themselves and their environment.Voltaire expresses his beliefs on optimism, philosophical speculation, and religion through the main character. Candide, The main character of the novel, is set adrift in a hostile world and unsuccessfully tries to hold on to his optimistic belief that this is the best of all possible worlds as his tutor, Pangloss, keeps insisting. He travels throughout Europe , South America, and the Middle East, and on the way he encounters many terrible natural disasters. Candide is a good-hearted but hopelessly naive.

Domestic Issues Faced By The United States Of America Essay

Human Rights human rights in the United States has been criticized for their practices and policies. The record shows that human rights in the United States are abstruse and controversial issue. Racial discrimination Whether they are African American or Native American they are all human beings. indemnity advice blacks should be tough equally and can have the same opportunities and protection from the government just like the whites get. Segregation of white and black is a good consideration too. beastly TreatmentDeath Penalty human rights is the maximum and irreversible denial under the death penalty. It is controversial for its capital punishment. It is inhumane, cruel and unusual violation. Policy advice is to nix execution. Prison System imprisonment of children and teenagers. A lot of mistreatment, rape, sexual abuse etc. Those behaviors are unlawful. Policy advice give medical care, stop pris aner rape, chip in more security and abolish death sentence. GLOBAL ISSUES FACED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Global Warming the earths temperature is rising.Policy advice we have to have a major sacrifices to solve the problem. Global Health Issues every year millions of people die needlessly because of poverty. Policy advice privatization of wellness system. World Hunger and Poverty Land Rights owning of land. Policy advice build a program to provide land ownership for the poor. Rainforest Destruction one effect of the banana industry is rainforest destruction and dependent economies. Policy advice prioritize the local market before exporting.To conclude, it is important to know our rights in the companionship because each one of us is entitled to have our own niche in this country and even in this world.R E F E R E N C E S Free, Marvin D. Jr. (November 1997). The Impact of Federal Sentencing Reforms on African Americans 28 (2) pp. 268-286. Retrieved on 2007-05-31. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Statescite_note-1 An up Shah, Food and floriculture Issues, GlobalIssues. org, Created Monday, December 03, 2007 http//www. globalissues. org/food/

Family Systems Theory

Family Systems Theory Family Cohesion When growing up families argon and need been considered systems because they are made up of inter colligate elements or objectives. Families are examples to show that they have regular behaviors, they have regular interactions, and they are interdependent on one another. It is believed the family can be defined as a set of interacting privates who are related by blood, marriage, cohabitation, or adoption.Although they are numerous in number some functions of the family include values and practices placed on theories that are used to explain patterns of life among the individuals who make up the family systems. In system theory, behaviors and family members responses influence the regulation of the family pattern and the family life pattern. Meanings and values are vital components of the family system and provide motivation and energy. every(prenominal) family has a unique culture, value, structure, and history. We can choose our friends and sometimes even the people we choose to work with, but we cannot in any way choose who our family members are.We are stuck with them for better or for worse and we are bound together forever fortunately or unfortunately. As individuals, we are each are unique in more ways than can we can even begin to list Because of this, family members dont always get along and disagreements can be expected. Family gumminess is important. Families who have healthy levels of cohesion emotionally interact with one another and find the unspoken balance that supports us when we want our very own individual independence and in the same hand we can continue to maintain our family togetherness.Healthy family cohesion is not only strength, but a resource for families that will look them in facing the daily challenges of family life. This system helps with assisting in maintaining a healthy marriage, and in providing a nurturing environment for all the children if present within the family. Family members from cohesive family environments quality included and emotionally connected with the family. Lowfamily cohesionindicates aweakemotional bond among family members. It is important to do all things possible to maintain a high family cohesion this will keep the family system strong.

Motivation in Supervision

The term indigence is derived from the Latin verb movere (to move). The idea of movement is reflected in such(prenominal) reasonable ideas about(predicate) penury as some(a)thing that gets us going, keeps us moving, and helps us get jobs done. Conversely, we know we ar not motivated when we slewnot seem to get out of bed or off the sofa.Despite these commonly held ideas, definitions of motivation are numerous and varied, and there is often disagreement over the precise nature of motivation. Although there is disagreement about the precise nature of motivation, this paper offer a general definition of motivation that is consistent with the cognitive focus of this paper on learners thoughts and beliefs and hat captures the elements considered by just about police detectives and practitioners to be central to motivation. Motivation is the cognitive process whereby goal-directed activity is instigated and sustained.Motivation involves goals that provide impetus for and direction to action. Cognitive views of motivation are united in their emphasis on the importance of goals. Goals may not be well formulated and may vary with experience, but the point is that individuals have something in mind that they are trying to attain (or avoid).Motivation requires activity physiologic or mental. Physical activity entails effort, persistence, and early(a) overt actions. Mental activity includes such cognitive actions as planning, rehearsing, organizing, monitoring, making decisions, solving problems, and assessing progress. The activities that students engage in are geared toward attaining their goals.Finally, we highlight that motivated activity is twain instigated and sustained. Starting toward a goal is important and often difficult because it involves making a commitment to falsify and taking the first step. But motivational processes are critically important to sustain action. Many major(ip) goals are long-term, for example, earning a college degree, obtaini ng a good job, and saving money for retirement. Much of what we know about motivational processes comes from chooseing how people respond to the difficulties, problems, failures, and setbacks they encounter as they pursue goals over time.II. DiscussionA. Motivation Research paradigmsResearchers pursue different investigate paradigms to investigate motivational processes. For example, there is a distinction between correlational and data-based studies. Correlational look deals with relations that exist between variables. A researcher may hypothesize that motivation is controllingly agree with ( tinctd to) perceived capabilities such that the more confidence individuals have in their learning abilities, the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) is their motivation. To test this relation, the researcher might measure individuals perceived capabilities and their motivation as demonstrated on a task. The researcher could statistically correlate the perceived capability and motivation scor es to determine the nature and bearing of the relation.Pint complete and De Groot (2000a) conducted a correlational take in that explored the relations among motivational, cognitive, and academic murder variables. The motivational beliefs component assessed three factors self-efficacy, (perceptions of capabilities), infixed value (importance), and test anxiety. The learning strategies component comprised two factors cognitive schema use and self-regulation.Correlations among intrinsic value, self-efficacy, strategy use, and self-regulation were official and significant. Test anxiety showed a significant, negative correlation with self-efficacy correlations of test anxiety with all other(a) variables were nonsignificant.The researchers also computed correlations among these five variables and measures of academic performance in-class seatwork and homework, quizzes and tests, essays and reports, grades. Intrinsic value, self-efficacy, and self-regulation correlated positively w ith academic measures except performance measures strategy use correlated positively with all academic performance measures strategy use correlated positively with academic measures except for seatwork (nonsignificant) test anxiety was negatively correlated with grades and quiz/test scores.This study was correlational because Pintrich and De Groot looked at the existing relations among variables and did not attempt to alter them. The results show that motivational variables relate in important ways to cognitive factors contributing to classroom success (strategy use-self-regulation) and to measures of academic performance.In an experimental study, the researcher actually alters one or more variables and determines the yields on other variables. A researcher fire in the effects of perceived capabilities could conduct an experimental study by systematically altering these perceptions and gauging the effect on individual motivation. For example, the researcher might have a teacher sy stematically p bone love-achieving individuals to raise their perceptions of capabilities and determine if this increase enhances motivation.Schunk (2002) conducted an experimental study that investigated how forms of effort attributional feedback influenced individuals achievement outcomes during learning. Individuals in lower years who lacked implication skills received instruction and practice opportunities over sessions. While individuals solved problems individually, an adult varan periodically walked up to each individual and asked on what page in the instructional packet he or she was working.For some individuals (prior attribution), after they replied with the page number the proctor linked their progress with effort by remarking, Youve been working hard. For others (future attribution, the proctor stressed the value of future effort by stating, You need to work hard. Those in third anatomy (monitoring) were queried but the proctor departed without comment after the indiv idual replied. Individuals in a fourth (control) form were not monitored.This study was an experiment because Schunk altered the face of feedback individuals received and looked to see whether differential effects on achievement outcomes resulted. Schunk hypothesized, that prior attribution would be the most effective because it supports individuals perceptions of their progress in acquiring skills and conveys that they can continue to improve through effort. This prediction was supported.Prior-attribution individuals outperformed individuals in the other conditions on measures of self-efficacy and subtraction skill. Prior-attribution individuals also displayed higher motivation than did future-attribution and control individuals as assessed by the amount of problem solving during the independent practice portions of the sessions. The results of this study suggest that it is better to link individuals past success to effort than to stress the future benefits of hard work.Each type of research has advantages and disadvantages. Correlational research helps clarify relations among variables. Correlational findings often suggest directions for experimental research. The positive correlation obtained by Pintrich and De Groot between intrinsic value and academic performance suggests further research exploring whether change magnitude intrinsic value leads to higher achievement. A disadvantage of correlational research is that it cannot identify cause and effect. The positive correlation between intrinsic value and academic performance could mean that (a) intrinsic value affects academic performance, (b) academic performance influences intrinsic value, (c) intrinsic value and academic performance are each influenced by other, unmeasured variables (e.g., home factors).Experimental research can clarify cause-effect relations. By systematically varying type of feedback and eliminating other variables as potential causes, Schunk (2002) could specify how changes in att ributional feedback affect achievement outcomes. Clarifying causal relations helps us understand the nature of motivation. At the same time, experimental research is often narrow is scope. Researchers typically vary only a few variables and try to h obsolete all others constant, which is difficult to do and somewhat unrealistic.B. soft/Interpretative ResearchIn recent years, another type of paradigm has gained currency among researchers. The theories and methods used are referred to various labels, including qualitative, ethnographic, thespian observation, phenomenological, constructivist, and interpretative (Erickson, 2003). These approaches differ from one another characterized by intensive study, descriptions of events, and interpretation of meanings. Such a research model is not unused in the social sciences, but only recently has it been applied progressively in supervision.Interpretative research is especially useful when researchers are interested in the structure of even ts rather than their boilersuit distributions, when the meanings and perspectives of individuals are important, when actual experiments are impractical or unethical, and when there is a desire to search for new potential causal linkages that have not been unearthed by experimental methods, (Erickson, 2003).Moreover, qualitative/interpretive research yields rich sources of data that are much more intensive and thorough than those typically obtained in correlational or experimental research. This research paradigm also has the potential of raising new questions and new slants on old questions that often are missed by traditional methods. Because this approach is not concerned with the aggregation of running(a) knowledge for teaching practice, it is not a means for providing practical answers to teaching problems (Shulman, 2004).Studies usually are conducted with few participants, which raise the issue of whether findings are reliable and representative of the population being studied . Another concern is that if researchers do not attempt to interpret data in light of a theoretical framework, findings may not seem linked and interpretation may prove difficult. Nonetheless, as a research model, this tradition has provided much valuable data in the study of motivation, and its influence will continue to grow.III. ConclusionIn conclusion and in adjunct to the differences among experimental, correlational, and qualitative research, another distinction exists between laboratory studies conducted in controlled settings and field studies conducted where was conducted in laboratories using such infra merciful species as cats, dogs, and rats. Such research was appropriate given the influence of conditioning theories which contended that common processes occurred in animals and humans and that controlled experiments could help isolate these processes and eliminate extraneous influences. Motivation research also has employed human subjects in controlled laboratory environ ments. With the increasing emphasis on schooling and other applied settings, however most current research is conducted in field settings. The Pintrich and De Groot (2000a), and Schunk (2002) studies are examples of field studies.Reference1.Pintrich, P.R. & De Groot, E. (2000a). Individual differences in early adolescents motivation and self-regulated learning. Journal of early Adolescence, 14, 139-161.2.Schunk, D.H. (2002). Extended attributional feedback Sequence effects during remedial reading instruction. Journal of Early Adolescence, 6, 55-66.3.Erickson, F. (2003). qualitative methods in research on supervision. In M.C. Wittrock (ED.), Handbook research on supervision (3rd ed., pp. 119-161). new(a) York Macmillan.4.Shulman, L.S. (2004). Paradigms and research programs in the study of teachings A contemporary perspective. In M.C. Wittrock (ED.) Handbook of research on supervision (3rd) ed., pp. 3-36). New York Macmillan.

Consumer Culture in the Twenty First Century Essay

Consumer Culture plays a profound role in our everyday lives. The members In Praise of Consumerism and Needing The Unnecessary The Democratization of Luxury by pack Twitchell show strong inclinations in prefer of maker civilisation. Both articles focus on how grave consumerism has become in the modern commercial world and how more(prenominal) slew wealthy or essence class be buy luxury items to be accepted by others in confederacy. People in todays society who buy luxury items find it arousal seeking and it is believed that consumerism will soon be the immature world culture. These two articles show similar views on consumerism and hold valid information in favour of consumer culture. Korten shows that the transition from an conglomerate to earth Community would be alot easier without the increase in consumerism in the 21st century. crowd Twitchell wrote an article In Praise of Consumerism about how consumerism is a signifi nominatet part of everyday life. Commercial ism is in practically everything that we encounter on a day to day basis. It is in the water we swim in, the striving we breathe, our sunlight and shade. In our society you cant consume an object without consuming meaning which is a major part of the modern commercial world. People like having things and it has come down to the quality and touchstone of what you bring forth as to how you be perceived by others in society. Twitchell states in his article that the American snow will be the next era and that it will likely be the commandeer of the 21st century.So basically American culture is well on its way to cosmos recognized and used by cultures all over the world. It will soon be the new world culture. Korten states that the United States has been the worlds most aggressive national proponent of economic growth and consumerism as the tickets to happiness however what did distinctly increase in the United States over this period were measures of depression, anxiety, distrust and psychological dysfunction. Although this article focuses on consumerism being a positive development for the 21st century, Korten shows that along with consumerism comes many personal and social issues.In the article Needing The Unnecessary The Democratization of Luxury he talks about how consumerism has changed from the 1950s to the twenty first century. In the 1950s the wealthy upper class hoi polloi were the ones who hadthe luxury items and they could flaunt what they had. But if you were a middle class person who had luxury items you had to be very subtle about it. If you flaunted what you had you were frowned upon by other people in society because luxury items were lightly tainted with shame. In the 21st century it is completely the opposite. Since the 1980s more middle class people score been buying more luxury items as unconnected to the wealthy. Alot of people ar buying things they cant concede with money they feignt urinate by using credit cards, loans, mortgag es and cash advances. This allows more middle class people to buy more luxury items as opposed to wealthy people, but this doesnt mean they can actually cede it which in time can cause many more problems.According to Twitchell to understand the material culture in the beginning of the 21st century, you have to understand the high importance of unnecessary material. It is believed that you are what you consume and practically everything you consume is non needed. Consumer culture focuses on community. People regardless of their class are buying more luxury items to look cool and also to be admired and welcomed by others of the same lifestyles. demesne Community offers an alternative to the alienation and the sorrows of Empire, a way of living that places life values ahead of monetary principles of domination. Korten shows that in an Earth Community you dont need luxury items to be accepted by society.Consumerism focuses on providing society with its unnecessary and necessary need s. Twitchell believes that in this post modern world we have replaced the acquaintance of production with the knowledge of consumption. To justify this way of thinking many people feel that nowadays not everyone is a worker but everyone is a consumer. So why not focus on educating society on the area that will be useful for all. Twitchell believes that what you buy becomes more important than what you make therefrom luxury is not a goal, it is a necessity. Twitchell believes that Humans are consumers by nature.Consuming luxury has gone from telic (arousal reducing) to paratelic (arousal seeking). Consumerism provides individuals with a temporary high on life. Buying new things makes them feel momentarily happy, mightily and superior. These are all secure feelings however they dont last and many people who dont have the resources to buy luxury items are buying them. This createsfor them debt, stress, frustration and competitiveness. Those who cant afford these luxury items show resentment for the ones who can. This causes tension in society and can create an Empire where people are competitive and hostile. The golden rule of Earth Community is do unto your dwells as you would have your neighbour do unto you as you work together to create a mend life for all.Consumerism is focused towards making individuals happy as opposed to everyone. Those people who cant afford to have the nice things are forced to live with daily reminders through advertisements of things they want but cannot have. Consumerism doesnt create a better life for all but creates one for those who can afford it. Consumers are fully aware that they are more interested in consuming appearances rather than the object. They enjoy the status that surrounds the objects they buy/own.Kortens apprehension of Earth Community is in favour of creating relationships and developing communities by bringing people together. Twitchell makes a good argument showing how consumerism has brought people togeth er. People can now blend into society by just now buying the latest fashions and are no longer being excluded due to their ethnicity, social status, family name, language or religion. High-end items are decreasing the past social restrictions for the 21st century. Twithcell states that high-end consumption promises to do exactly what critics of stuff have always yearned from namely, to bring us together, often traumatically. The transgenerational poor are excluded, as the bottom fifth of our universe has not budged an inch in the luxe explosion.Yet more people than ever are debut the much-vaunted global village because of consumption, not despite it. Consumerism is allowing for most people similarities that connect them together and eliminate the preceding(prenominal) gaps between social classes. Korten states that relationships, not money are the true measure of well-being. What matters most is our connection to and alliance in the life of community. If we were to define human progress by the measure of human happiness we would move over far less of our resources to making money and far more to building community. Korten shows that relationships are more important than money and Twitchell shows that consumerism can help build relationships.As a supporter of David Kortens concept of Earth Community consumerism makes people more interested in material possessions than community. Consumerism does have some good affects on the community but it restricts people moving away from an Empire towards an Earth Community. If people werent so busy trying to get the things they desired they would focus more on meaningful relationships. Korten shows that people who have lots of money are just as happy as people who dont. When meet in a caring community money makes little difference in regards to happiness. Twitchell makes an interesting argument in favour of consumerism and shows that consumerism has an ability to fade the lines between social classes. Consumerism sti ll ignores the extremely poor however, it can create a larger community of middle and upper class.Works CitedLook Smart In Praise of Consumerism. James B. Twitchell, Online Edition.Look Smart Needing the Unnecessary The Democratization of Luxury. James B. Twitchell, Online Edition.Berrett-Koehler Publishers The Great Turning from Empire to Earth Community. David C. Korten, San Francisco, CA

An Analysis of Jonathan Swift’s “A Modest Proposal” Essay

Satire as a form of dianoetic practice may be properly understood if it is contextualized within a particular culture, institution, attitude, or belief. It is lone(prenominal) by placing the badinage within a particular setting as presented by the elements mentioned above that a satire bequeath garner the non-linguistic components covering the preparatory preconditions necessary for the construction of satirical discourse (Simpson 70). An example of the satire as a form of discursive practice is seeming(a), for example, in Jonathan alerts A Modest scheme.In the aforementioned work, Swift presents a situation wherein the persona of his text urges the population on acts of cannibalism in order to lessen the problems ca theatrical roled by Irish overpopulation. The persona starts his proposal with an initial description of his surroundings. He notes, It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great townwhen they see the streetscrowded with beggers of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for alms (Swift 52).It is important to note that such a description is characterized by the personas detachment towards his surroundings. Note for example, the manner in which a both senses of the concept object is used. The aforementioned passage thereby portrays not only the personas documental appraisal of his surroundings but also the personas objectification of the individuals encompassed within that area.Such an objectification is further evident in the following passage Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great solicitude about the vast number of poor people, who are aged, diseased, or maimedBut I am not in the least pained about that matter, because it is very well known that they are insouciant dying, rotting, by cold, and famine, and filth, and vermin, as fast as can be reasonably expected. (Swift 56)The personas use of the two senses of object, in this sense, may be understo od as a manner in which Swift portrays the irony evident in the context of the text. The irony is evident if one conceives of A Modest marriage proposal as a text which presents a delimited view of the world. As contrary to a satires ironic presentation of a particular situation in fact an ironic portrayal of a particular mindset, humor, on the other hand, portrays the manner in which worldly interests are given more belief as opposed to lofty ideals.An example of this is evident in Samuel Becketts writings wherein Beckett focuses the text to the wideness of existence as well as the importance of the meaning of existence in relation to the ordinary objects. As opposed to a satire which might present a bland ethnocentric perspective regarding racial discrimination, the ferocity on modern humor would be on the problematic construction of such concepts that enable racial discrimination to exist e. g. opposition of black and white.In line with this, Colebrook notes, both irony and humor persist off the gap between concepts and world (241). The difference, however, lies in the difference of presentation noted above.Works CitedColebrook, Claire. raillery in the Works of Philosophy. Nebraska U of Nebraska P, 2003. Simpson, Paul. On the Discourse of Satire Towards a stylistic Model of Satirical Humor. Philadelphia John Benjamins, 2003. Swift, Jonathan. A Modest Proposal. A Modest Proposal and other Satirical Works. New York Dover, 1996.

Philip II Essay

baron Philip II ru direct over the western Habsburg kingdom, which included Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. When he got married to bloody shame I, he then ruled over England and Ireland. at that place were major challenges that Philip II faced during his reign. Some of the problems were cash in hand and control over few of his countries, such as Spain and the Netherlands. Philip II had many problems throughout Spain since the time it had heavy(p) unstable. Philip II had a debt and needed to pay back his bankers and mercenaries.He was able to make some bullion from the silver from mines in Bolivia. Since there was money coming from the Americas, atomic number 63 was able to gain some wealth. Europe also gained an increase in its population. This caused inflation, which was less food and fewer jobs, while still having the population overflow. There was an obviously visible gap between the richer people and the poor ones. Because of a need for money, the unprivilege d people of Spain suffered greatly from the harsh taxes of Philip II. Philip II also wanted an efficient bureaucracy and military.He made the lesser splendor into the bureaucracy because if he would have used higher nobles they may try to gain more power. Philip II had to deal with a Turkish threat in the Mediterranean. So, Spain, Venice, and the Pope created the Holy League. In a nautical battle, The Battle of Lapanto, they defeated the Turks who had move to invade Austria. Control had been secured in the Mediterranean and then Spain annexed Portugal. Philip eventually tell bankruptcy and could not pay his soldiers. They became cognize as the Spanish fury when they attacked Antwerp.While Philip II was transaction with many complications, the Netherlands came along and caused more damage for him. The Count of Egmont and William of Nassau, or William of Orange, started a strong opposition to Spanish overlords. Because of this, Philip II decided that the decrees of the Council of Trent and the Inquisition were to be enforced in the Netherlands. Louis of Nassau led the opposition of Philip IIs decision. This caused Protestants to riot throughout the country. In response to this, Philip sent the Duke of Alba to suppress the people. Alba publicly killed thousands of suspected heretics.This was known as the Council of Troubles, but it was referred to as the Council of Blood in the Netherlands. The Duke of Alba also enforced taxes, such as a ten percent sales tax that caused people to flee the country. Furthermore, Philip II only had one take a chance left to destroy the Netherlandic resistance, so he called William of Orange an outlaw and even placed a liberality on him. But William of Orange had a speech, the Apology, which called Philip a tyrant, causing the Union of Utrecht to disregard Philip as their ruler. King Philip II went through a lot during his time of reign.He was dealing with many different countries, some under and some not under his rule. Spain had a very bad economy that was not way out far. There was an inflation, which made everything even more difficult. Then in the Netherlands, they wanted to be free. They caused trouble for Philip and tried to resist whatever he did. Philip even had to send over the Duke of Alba, and the people of the Netherlands hated him for it. The problems in the Netherlands led to the Twelve Years Truce, where the northern provinces gained independence. Later on, their official independence was from the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Comparison of Medea and Clytemnestra Essay

Tragic heroes from Greek tragedies almost always share analogous characteristics. Medea from Euripidess play Medea and Clytemnestra from Aeschyluss play Agamemnon display and share tragic traits. They are both vengeful wives who share similarities in the cause of their vengeance barely have some differences in their chosen marrow of punish as a result of successfully exacting their revenge both Clytemnestra and Medea cause their cause downfall.Both Medea and Clytemnestra opinek to hurt their keep ups for betraying them. Medea uses the best source of revenge ever. She uses Jasons own children against him. For her own pride, non to look manage a fool in front of anybody, Medea dash offs King Creons miss Glauce, who is to be married to Jason, and her two children. She shoots Glauce by sending her children with poisoned clo matter for the princess, which also leads to the murdering of her children. She tells Jason They died from a disease they caught from their father (Medea 2). sidesplitting her children is the revenge she chose because it was the best one. A woman cannot retire a mans children away from him. men become so weak when they loose their children, especially sons.Medea says Never again alive shall he see the sons he had by me, nor any child by his new bride of his poor girl, who has to die a hapless death poisoned by me(Medea9). She leaves Jason with no one. By killing her sons, there is no one left to take the throne, or to carry on his name. To take a mans sons, is the worst thing a woman can do because it takes the masculinity pop of them, and they line up low. Medea knew this, and that is why she killed her sons, so he could feel horrible forever.Clytemnestra single-handedly plots the murder of Agamemnon and Cassandra, his concubine. When she is successful, she celebrates her triumph by professing it loudly, I have had long luxuriant to prepare this wrestle for victory I stand where I struck, over the finished work (Agamemnon 157 ). Clytemnestra firmly believes her actions are ethical and fair. Standing before the Chorus, she strongly adheres to her beliefs that she was justified in killing Agamemnon. The Elders are divide between devotion to their king and the moral issues and defense Clytemnestra enthusiasticly presents before them. The entire Trojan war was based on a superfluous act of hatred andvengefulness, spawned from the seduction of Helen. The audience can provided feel sympathy for a broken hearted mother whose rage drove her to kill her husband and his concubine.It is not Agamemnons unfaithfulness that has spawned Clytemnestras hatred for her husband, but rather a mothers grapple for a daughter, and a wifes determination to avenge that death by killing her husband (Agamemnon 252). Clytemnestra and Medea both feel that death is the only justifiable action for what their husbands have done. The difference is that Medea does not kill her husband, instead wants him to feel the pain of the death that surrounds him. Both Clytemnestra and Medea use words to set up their victims but they do not carry forbidden the sentences entirely in the analogous way. Clytemnestra mostly uses brute pull out where Medea uses her knowledge of poison to do the major damage. In the end though, Medea does use brute force to kill her children.After getting her revenge Medea seems triumphant but Euripides and Medea herself suggest that she suffers worse than Jason. Medeas life becomes pitiful by and by she kills her own children and when she realizes she allow for never know love again. Medea realizes that she has done something wrong by acknowledging that she is deviation to feel the anguish over the death of her sons. She says then forever you may mourn for though you will kill them, they were very dear to you showing that she is sad that she is going to kill them (Medea 576). She realizes that she does a terrible thing and will remember it forever as she will bring myself to Heras templ e (Medea 1021.) She is also devastated by and by being exiled from her home city. Her pain and suffering are made known when she says, exclusively I..but this is an upset(prenominal) blow which has befallen me and has broken my heart (Medea 876).Medeas regret contrasts her to Clytemnestra who feels no regret even up to the fourth dimension of her death. Clytemnestra believes that she was in the will of the gods because she was seeking revenge not only for her sacrificed daughter, but Agamemnons cousins (the brothers of Aegisthus, Clytemnestras lover). She was carrying out punishment for being unfaithful. According to her, she was allowed by the gods because of these and other repeated sins toward them (i.e. walking on the tapestries) as well up as carrying out the curse of his household. This situation arouses mixed emotions in the Elders andperhaps the same in the readers.But if the audience would put themselves in the time and culture of the Greeks, was a person not shunned u nless revenge was taken for their loved ones. The entire Trojan War was based on one act of vengefulness after another, spawned from the seduction of Helen. So in that sense the reader can offer only sympathy for a broken hearted mother whose rage encouraged by her culture drove her to kill her husband and his concubine. And with this same tradition of revenge for one act to another, she too will face a day when she is killed for revenge by her son, and the cycle will continue.Many similarities exist between Euripides story and Aeschylus. Both Clytemnestra and Medea are strong, passionate women who commit a horrendous crime. But then the similarity stops. In Agamemnon, we understand why Agamemnon did what he did, but somehow we feel that Clytemnestra was completely justified in planning ten years charge of bitterness against the man who killed her child. And under her circumstances, we completely sympathize with her desire to kill the man who separated her of the daughter she love d. Part of the author we have so much sympathy for Clytemnestra is that we feel her pain, she does not seem demoniacal to us.In the other hand, with Euripides Medea is the opposite. In the opening speech the Nurse warns us that Medea is dangerous she is not presented like a suffering creature as much as the wrong woman to mess with. The reason why we can forgive Clytemnestra but not Medea is based in the innocence or delinquency of their victims. Medea has killed her brother she kills her husbands new bride and later she kills her children. One cannot sympathize with these acts they are all out of proportion to Medeas reasons for doing them and they clearly show Medea to be out of her mind.